LECTURE 22:
- Predation can be seen as an extreme form of competition, and the distinction between
competition and predation is often blurry
- Predation drives the flow of energy in ecosystems, and as such has far-reaching effects
in ecology and evolution
-The interactions between predators and their prey are among the most fascinating in all
of biology, with a bewildering array of adaptations in both: the interaction is so
intimate and intense that the evolutionary refinement of predators and their prey is
often tightly linked in coevolution (the complementary evolution of closely associated
species: an evolutionary advance in the predator triggers an adaptive response in the prey;
the prey tends to be a step ahead: this is seen as a consequence of the Life Dinner
Principle, recognizing that only dinner is at stake for the predator, but life is at stake for
the prey!)
- Predator adaptations for prey detection and recognition are manifold and include the
utilization and refinement of:
- sight (e.g. eagles with two fovea centralis focal points in the eyeball; night
vision in viper snakes includes the perception by special head sensors of
infrared radiation emitted as body heat by potential prey; sharks can see
electrically, using the organ known as the Ampullae of Lorenzini),
- sound (e.g. echolocation in bats: emission of high-frequency ultrasonic
soundwaves to locate insect prey as small as 0.1 mm; directional changes
within less than 1 degree of arc and frequency differences between ears of as
little as 0.0001 kHz can be distinguished by some bats; the middle ear has a
special muscle which temporarily disengages the sound transmission bones
some 6 ms prior to sound emission; this avoids self-destruction of the auditory
system),
- smell (e.g. the vomeronasal organ of snakes allows them to detect individual
molecules sampled by the tongue, which is then placed into olfactorily
sensitive pits in the roof of the mouth; many dogs can detect odors in
concentrations of a few parts per billion drug sniffing, detection of minute
www.notesolution.comquantities of volatile chemicals, as are emitted prior to the onset of epileptic
seizures in humans; ticks smell butyric acid in the sweat of homeotherms),
- touch (e.g. web-building spiders detect vibrations through their legs; to
determine the location of an insect caught in the web, the spider sequentially
plucks the individual strands of the web, and vibration dampening gives away
the location of the prey),
- locomotion, i.e. the ability to outrun, outfly, outswim, outcrawl
- Crypsis, in combination with chemical or mechanical means of warfare, is used
effectively by many predators as well as by prey. Some examples discussed in class
include:
- stonefish: the most venomous fish on earth; looks like an encrusted rock as it
waits for small fish or shrimp to swim by (prey are sucked into its mouth in
less than 0.015 s!); spines on its back can release jets of poison from bulging,
and rechargeable, venom glands: result: excrutiating pain and paralysis
- box jellyfish (The Box of Death): Chironex fleckeri, kills more people than
sharks, crocodiles and stonefish combined; due to its perfect translucency it is
virtually invisible in open water; up to 60 tentacles, reaching 5 m in length
and armed with 5 billion stinging
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