CLAA06H3 Lecture 5: Lecture 5 Notes

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27 Apr 2011

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Hades wasn"t a place of torture; but wasn"t a happy place. Death not conceived of as natural even if it was of natural causes; always sought to believe there was a hostile force. Any god could cause death but hades that ruled the underworld; hades is called the unseen one; also called (see slide) > due to connection with death and underworld he is also called the most hated of the gods (in iliad) Classical period; not seen as so much a hated god; but a good prudent one; and at this time he"s called ploutos-> wife persephone; daughter of demeter or ares; hades abducted her and made her his wife. Orcus; another name for hades realm in latin underworld geography. Acheron; once you crossed the river you were on the side of the dead. Lethe; r iver that makes the dead forget their former life.

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One of the major problems with the economy is too many economists! Or perhaps too many politicians who think they understand economics. When politicians seek to improve the conditions in the economy they come up with what at first blush appears to be a great idea. Look at all the people who will be helped! It is not seen that is the problem it is unseen. Adam Smith's invisible hand. It is called The Law of Unintended Consequences. A politician sets out, for the best of reasons, to help a group---the homeless as an example---but in the process, far more people are harmed than helped. The results really don't matter you see because they tried but it simply didn't work. It was the politician's fault! After all, they tried to do something and that's what counts, not the results. The results do not matter.

One example was the Urban Renewal Program in the 1970s. In the processes of cleaning up and renewing city centers, SROs (Single room occupancies) were destroyed. These were cheap rooms that could be rented at a minimal price. It allowed very low-income people to have a room and shelter from the elements. But where were these people to go after urban renewal? This was one of the main causes of what has become a homeless problem.

Another example of this is my experience while living in Arkansas and teaching at Arkansas State. Interest rates were rising rapidly making it difficult for low-income families to obtain mortgages and other consumer loans. This was a time when if you had a mortgage at 14% you had a good one. Then Gov. Clinton, again for the best of reasons, asked the legislature to cap the interest rates at 10 percent. This is called Usury Law. The term Usury goes back at least as far as Thomas Aquinas and his book, The Summa Theologica which dates back to about 1244 AD. It was believed that charging interest on a loan was unchristian and downright evil. It was on this theory that Gov. Clinton based his thinking.

Once again the unseen took hold. All money flowed out of Arkansas into the neighboring states where it could earn a higher return. This is a natural consequence of a price ceiling, which this is. This is the maximum price that can be charged for a good or service. In economics and finance, there is a concept known as the Purchasing Power Parity Theory. Money (resources) flow to the market where it gets the greatest return. In finance, it is also known as arbitrage which is also the basis for most of the world trade. Investment flows to the areas with the highest return. In any event, the Usury Law was a disaster! No one could get a loan in the state as the money flowed to the neighboring states where it could earn a higher return. The Gov. called a special session of the legislature and the law was repealed.

This is also one of the differences between Keynesian and Austrian economists---of which I count myself. If we take a Keynesian and an Austrian economist to the shore of a small lake and give each of them a large rock to throw in the water, The Keynesian will throw the rock, watch them splash, and maybe see the wake the rock created. The Austrian will throw the rock, see the splash, watch the wake spread out from the point of impact. He will also see the boat moored on the opposite shore with a hole in the hull at the waterline. He will see the water lap in and the boat sink. The Keynesian never even knew the boat was there. When something is proposed, Austrian economists carry the effects out to their logical conclusion. Keynesian's, to the primary and perhaps secondary results but rarely to the tertiary. Again what happens as a result of their actions is no concern of theirs because it was the attempt that mattered.

One embedded question.

What is the benefit of carrying an idea to its logical conclusion? Or is there any benefit?

whiterabbit790

Question1.1. Accidental alterationsduring DNA replication that give rise to variations in organismsare __________. (Points : 1)

adaptive traits
mutations
symbioses
random distributions

Question2.2. The largest reservoir ofcarbon in the carbon cycle is comprised of _________. (Points :1)

freshwater systems andoceans
plants and animals
sedimentary rock andfossil fuels
atmosphere

Question3.3. The principle of utility________. (Points : 1)

holds that any naturalresource should be available for use in manufacturing
holds that something isright when it produces the greatest benefit for the greatest numberof people
is not an ethicalstandard
cannot be used toestimate the value of natural resources

Question4.4. The two processes thatdetermine current biodiversity on a global scale are __________.(Points : 1)

allopatric speciation andimmigration
mutation and habitatselection
mutation and globalclimate change
extinction andspeciation

Question5.5. The conservation ethicholds that we should ________. (Points : 1)

exploit natural resourcesfor economic gain regardless of sustainability
be prudent and efficientin the use of natural resources
consider the environmentthe ultimate servant of mankind
maintain the environmentin a pristine, unaltered state

Question6.6. The preservation ethicholds that we should ________. (Points : 1)

be responsible for wisemanagement while using natural resources
protect areas againstdevelopment while allowing public access
harvest naturalresources
maintain the naturalenvironment in a pristine, unaltered state

Question7.7. Trophic levels and foodchains diagram __________. (Points : 1)

logistic curves
energy flow in anecosystem
population density
natural resourcefluctuations

Question8.8. A hypothesis is ________.(Points : 1)

a prediction
an educated guess thatexplains a phenomenon or answers a question
an instrument that isused to examine environmental conditions
the design of anexperiment that can be used for the process of science

Question9.9. A biocentric view of theworld emphasizes ________. (Points : 1)

the role of corporationsin environmental law
the importance ofconsidering environmental impacts on all living things
the importance ofeconomics in environmental decisions
the dual-natured view ofhumans and animals as environmental controls

Question10.10. Malthus was responsiblefor ________. (Points : 1)

the book The PopulationBomb that described the disastrous effects of human populationgrowth
the idea that theincrease in human population would lead to famine and war
the concept that humanpopulation growth would lead to greater industry and prosperitythrough education
instituting fertilizeruse for agriculture

Question11.11. Ecology is ________.(Points : 1)

the study of how to solveenvironmental problems
the study of organismsand their interactions with each other and the environment
a subfield ofenvironmentalism
the study of the E. colifamily of bacteria

Question12.12. The scientific processis based on ________. (Points : 1)

observations thatresearchers keep in a scientific journal
testing hypotheses builton observation, and revising them based on results
intuitive understandingof natural laws and processes
the ancient writings ofHeraclitus

Question13.13. Which of the followingis an abiotic factor? (Points : 1)

Amphibians
Wood
Mammals
Water

Question14.14. In environmentalscience, "carrying capacity" means the ___________. (Points :1)

maximum population sizethat a given environment can sustain
average number of viableoffspring produced within a population
potential number ofspecies in a given area
limitation on the numberof species in an ecosystem

Question15.15. The Cuyahoga River madepeople aware of environmental problems because __________. (Points: 1)

people in manycommunities became sick when using water from the river
the drinking water inelementary schools near the river became contaminated
the river caught onfire
the river stoppedsupporting any plant or animal life

Question16.16. The conversion processwhere nitrogen gas combines with hydrogen to form ammonium ions,which is accomplished through the intense energy of lightening orwhen air in the top layer of soil comes into contact with certainbacteria, is known as ________. (Points : 1)

the carbon cycle
nitrogen fixation
ionic conversation
bacterial ionization

Question17.17. The fresh water wedepend on for survival accounts for approximately __________ of allwater on Earth. (Points : 1)

two-thirds
one-third
10%
3%

Question18.18. A paradigm is ________.(Points : 1)

a group of severalhypotheses that can be tested together
a dominant view inscience
the same as ahypothesis
synonymous with thescientific method

Question19.19. The degree of disorderin a substance, system, or process is called ________. (Points :1)

chaos
entropy
energy
electricity

Question20.20. A population is definedas ___________. (Points : 1)

a group of individuals ofmultiple, interacting species that live in a particular area
a group of similarspecies that inhabit various ecosystems
a group of individuals ofa single species inhabiting a particular area
(crude birth rate +immigration rate) - (crude death rate - emigration rate)

periwinklecoyote319

What exactly was Hooker's response to Darwin's, Origin of Species? Thank you for your help. I need help deciphering what his opinions truly were.

Hooker, J. D. 1859. [Review of] On the origin of species. Gardeners' Chronicle (31 December): 1052. Part 1.

From the above expressions it will be inferred that we have risen from the perusal of Mr. DARWIN'S book much impressed with its importance, and have moreover found it to be so dependent on the phenomena of horticultural operations, for its facts and results, and so full of experiments that may be repeated and discussed by intelligent gardeners, and of ideas that may sooner fructify in their minds than in those of any other class of naturalists, that we shall be doing them (and we hope also science) a service by dwelling in some detail upon its contents. Thus much we may premise, that it is a book teeming with deep thoughts on numberless simple and complex phenomena of life; that its premises in almost all cases appear to be correct; that its reasoning is apparently close and sound, its style clear, and we need hardly add its subject and manner equally attractive and agreeable; it is also a perfectly ingenuous book, bold in expressions as in thought where the author adduces what he considers clear evidence in his favour, frank in the statement of objections to the hypotheses or conclusions founded on its facts and reasonings; and uniformly courteous to antagonistic doctrines. In fine, whatever may be thought of Mr. DARWIN'S ultimate conclusions, it cannot be denied that it would be difficult in the whole range of the literature of science to find a book so exclusively devoted to the development of theoretical inquiries, which at the same time is throughout so full of conscientious care, so fair in argument, and so considerate in tone. . . . Hitherto most [naturalists] have, as we have already observed, contented themselves with the hypothesis that they were independently created, and the minority have clung to the only other explanation hitherto conceived, that they have all been created by variation from a single first-created living organism, or a few such. Now it must be borne in mind that both these views are mere hypotheses in a scientific point of view; neither has any inherent or prescriptive right to a preference in the mind of the impartial inquirer; but the most superficial observation will show that the hypothesis of original creations is incapable of absolute proof, except the operation be witnessed by credible naturalists, and can only be supported by facts that are either not conclusive against the opposite doctrine, or may be regarded as equally favourable to it; and this hypothesis is hence placed at a disadvantage in comparison with that of the creation of species by variation, which takes its stand on the familiar fact that species do depart from the likeness of their progenitors, both in a wild and domestic state. On the other hand the hypothesis of creation by variation labours under the disadvantage of being founded upon a series of phenomena, the action of each of which individually, as explained by Mr. DARWIN, would appear to prevent the possibility of species retaining their characters for any length of time, and it therefore appears at first sight opposed to the undisputed fact, that many hundreds of animals and plants have transmitted their characters unchanged (or nearly so) through countless generations, and covered, even within the historic period, many square miles of country each with millions of its exact counterpart. To explain this anomaly and to raise this hypothesis of creations by variation to the rank of a scientific theory, is the object of Mr. DARWIN'S book, and to do this he has endeavoured to invent and prove such an intelligible rationale of the operation of variation, as will account for many species having been developed from a few in strict adaptation to existing conditions, and to show good cause how these apparently fleeting changelings may by the operation of natural laws be so far fixed as to reconcile both the naturalist and the common observer to the idea, that what in all his experience are immutable forms of life may have once worn another guise. The hypothesis itself is a very old one; it was, as all the world knows, strongly advocated by LAMARCK, and later still by the author of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of the Creation," but neither of these authors were able to suggest even a plausible method according to which Nature might have proceeded in producing suitable varieties, getting rid of intermediate forms, and giving a temporary stability to such as are recognised as species by all observers. Mr. DARWIN has been more successful, though whether completely so or not the future alone can show. We shall proceed to examine his method in another article.

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CLAA06H3 Lecture 5: Lecture 5 Notes

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