GGRA02H3 Lecture : Global Assembly Line

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pearsardine837

14 Dec 2011

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From fordism to post-fordism, from spatially-fixed to spatially dispersed assembly line. Global production and supply chains controlled by tnc"s (trans-national. Read crewe"s article on the fashion commodity chain. A good example is philips, the dutch-based electronics tnc: check it out at http://www. philips. com/about/businesses and suppliers/suppliers/index. page. Supply and commodity chains: the network of facilities and distribution capabilities an enterprise uses to: source (or procure) raw materials (chemicals, ores, grains, ) or components. Transform the materials or assemble the components into products. Deliver the products to customers (indirectly through distributors or stores or directly to the purchaser) Comparative locational advantages places, regions and countries that offer cheap labour and land, lax social and environmental regulations, government incentives, export production zones attract companies looking to minimize production costs. Mobility of capital: massive increase in foreign direct investment (fdi) especially in developing countries and in particular in asia.

Related Questions

MAC, Inc. (the company you work for) has decided to move forwardwith a feasibility
study for a product it wishes to manufacture and sell. This productis a particle launcher that should have the capability, for everyactivation, of launching two particles into the air at twodifferent times and at two different angles of elevation, in anautomated fashion so that they both land at the same distance fromthe launch point at the same time. For example, let P1 and P2 betwo particles, let T1 and T2 be two times, and let theta1 andtheta2 be two angles of elevation. Once activated, the launchershould be able to operate so that particle P1 is launched at timeT1 with an angle of elevation theta 1, and particle P2 islaunched
at time T2 with an angle of elevation theta2.
The launcher must be configured by a technician, prior to eachactivation, so that the
initial speed is set for the launcher, and the distance from thelauncher to where both
particles will land is set. For each activation of the launcher,the initial speed will be the
same for both particles. Once the technician has set the initialspeed and desired distance,
the launcher must calculate the angles of elevation to use and howmuch time to wait in
between particle launches. Then, when the technician activates thelauncher, both
particles will be launched at the appropriate angles of elevationand at the appropriate
times so that they both land at the configured distance from thelauncher at the same time.
The launcher, based on its calculations, will change the angle ofelevation to be ready for
the second particle launch. The launcher, however, must flash awarning for the
technician if the information the technician used to configure thelauncher does not result
in a two-particle launching solution.
Certain assumptions must be made. It is assumed that that launchercan always change
the angle of elevation to get ready for the second particle launchfaster than the time
delay calculated for the second particle launch. It is assumed thatthe units for speed are
meters per second, that the units for distance are meters, and thatgravity is 9.8 meters per
second squared. It is assumed that gravity is the only force actingon the motion of the
particles after launch, and that there is no wind to be considered,so that the particles land
at a point exactly in line with the direction the launcher ispointed.
The questions that must be answered and written up in anengineering report are as
follows:
1. Given the initial speed and desired landing distance for theparticles, find the
mathematical expressions that must be used to find 1, 2, and thetime delay
between particle launches.
2. Determine under which conditions the launcher will not be ableto perform the
operation requested, and will consequently flash a warning to thetechnician.
3. Each particle launched will follow a path of motion that isparabolic. Show that
the vertex of the parabola for each particleâs path occurs at thesame distance from
the launcher.
4. Along the path of each launched particle, there will be amaximum curvature.
Find that maximum curvature for each launched particle.

Materials fracture when the force per unit area, called STRESS,exceeds a critical value. In general, the critical stress dependson the direction as well as the magnitude of the force. Forexample, bones break differently when subjected to torsional(twisting) stress than when subjected to compressional (orsqueezing) stress. Let us consider compressional stress. Wet humanbone for 20-39 year olds has an ultimate compressive strength of ~16x104Ncm2 [8]. Consider a person who falls from a height to theground. Upon landing, the person's kinetic energy is converted towork. If the person decelerates over a distance h, we can estimatethe average force during the collision by

If a person lands stiff-legged on a hard surface and doesn'tbounce, the deceleration occurs over a very short distance, h ~ 1cm. Since the force is transmitted up the leg, the stress isgreatest where the cross-sectional area is least, i.e., the tibiajust above the ankle [8].
The following lists some different conditions that may occur duringlanding and physical explanations for why they make bone fracturefrom a fall more or less likely [8]:

(a) bounce [more likely. The impulse is twice as large for anelastic collision as for an inelastic collision.]
(b) bent knees [less likely. Bending the knees increases the timeand distance over which deceleration occurs, which reduces theforce.]
(c) landing in loose earth or sand [less likely. This increases hwhich reduces F.]
(d) turning the body to land on the side [less likely. Thisincreases h. It also distributes the force widely over the body(increases A), thereby reducing the stress.]

So, why can a properly executed karate kick break a concrete blockwithout fracturing bones [16]? First, bone is a very strongmaterial. Its ultimate compressive strength is approximately 40times larger than concrete. Second, contact is made with the edgeof the foot. This concentrates the force into a small area of thetarget and reduces the likelihood of bending a bone to the point offracture. Third, the collision with the target is essentiallyinelastic and extends over several milliseconds, so the peak force,though large, does not exceed the strength of the bone. If A(cross-sectional area of the tibia) ~ 3.3 cm2, compute how far a 69kg person can fall and land stiff-legged on both legs withoutbreaking a bone. Assume F is split evenly between two legs. (Hint:F<or =2(theta)A )

Tiny solid and liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere are called aerosols. Windblown dust, sea salts, volcanic ash, smoke from wildfires, and pollution from factories are all examples of aerosols. Depending upon their size, type, and location, aerosols can either cool the surface, or warm it. They can help clouds to form, or they can inhibit cloud formation. And if inhaled, some aerosols can be harmful to people's health.

These maps show average monthly aerosol amounts around the world based on observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite. Satellite measurements of aerosols, called aerosol optical thickness, are based on the fact that the particles change the way the atmosphere reflects and absorbs visible and infrared light. An optical thickness of less than 0.1 (palest yellow) indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 (reddish brown) indicates very hazy conditions.

High aerosol amounts are linked to different process in different places and times of year. High aerosol amounts occur over South America from July through September. This pattern is due to land clearing and agricultural fires that are widespread across the Amazon Basin and Cerrado regions during the dry season. Aerosols have a similar seasonal pattern in Central America (March-May), central and southern Africa (June-September, and Southeast Asia (January-April).

In other cases, however, aerosol concentrations are not related to fires. For example, from May through August each year, aerosol amounts rise dramatically around the Arabian Peninsula and nearby oceans due to dust storms. Elevated aerosol amounts nestle at the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains in northern India in some months, and linger over eastern China for much of the year. These elevated aerosol amounts are due to human-produced air pollution.

What is the most likely source of the high concentration of particulates that appear off the coast of northwestern Africa?

What is the most likely source of the high concentrations of particulates over central Africa and central South America?

What is the most likely source of the high concentrations of particulates over eastern China?

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GGRA02H3 Lecture : Global Assembly Line

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