HLTA02H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Cardiovascular Disease, Mantra, Biopsychosocial Model

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Lecture 2:
Communicable Diseases: Diseases that are infectious and therefore transmittable across
populations
Ex: Flu = Caused by virus
Non- communicable diseases: Diseases that are not infectious and therefore cannot be
transmitted across populations
Ex: Heart disease
Social Capital: Concept defined in a number of ways but essentially refers to the types of
networks and trust that exist within a community and levels of community cohesion
WHO: World Health Organized
Health defined by WHO: State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence and disease and infirmity (positive holistic view on health)
Positive definitions of health = well-being
Negative definitions of health = absence and disease
Quality of life: Use to evaluate the general well-being of individuals and is a way of describing
an individual’s emotional, social and physical well-being as well as ability to function with
different concepts
Humanism: Humanists believe in human values and concern, suggesting that the world could be
understood through reason, shared experience and values without the need for religious
interpretations and beliefs
Drawing on a humanist idea health might be also considering as self-actualization, which
links the idea of empowerment
Empowerment: Process by which people are able to identify their needs and then take
action in order to meet them
Classification & sub classification of Health:
Dictionary Definition: Describe common everyday ways in which health is defined
Assumption Definitions: Health is assumed to exist if certain conditions are achieved
Includes the:
Conceptually Relative
The aspiration
The description
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Determinist Definitions: Based on a range of determinants that can be measured and recorded
Measures mortality rates
Health as the ability to function
Includes Statistical and functional
Spiritual Definitions: based on a degree of faith, a degree of affinity in “other existence or any
other mantra” (important to holistic ideas about health)
Health linked with the “moral” and with faith components
Definitions center on “holistic” ideas about health or “wholeness”
Can be highly subjective and very personal
Includes: religious, alternatives and humanist
Models of Health:
Biomedical Models:
A negative definition of health
Reductionist: body as machine with parts
Disease: a deviation from the norm especially a normal range of measurable biological
variables
Positivist: influenced by scientific and expert knowledge
Progress through advances in (medical) science and technology
Pathology: Simply study of the diagnosis of disease
Pathologists diagnose disease through laboratory methods
Pathogenic refers to the presence of disease cause by a pathogen (a virus or disease)
Critiques:
Decontextualizing:
disregards contextual factors
Simplistic:
view of biological processes and remedies
Body is still often treated as a machine during practices
Depoliticizes Health/ Diseases and their determinants:
Biomedicine, science, health and disease are not value free because they are
embedded in larger society
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Document Summary

Communicable diseases: diseases that are infectious and therefore transmittable across populations. Non- communicable diseases: diseases that are not infectious and therefore cannot be transmitted across populations. Social capital: concept defined in a number of ways but essentially refers to the types of networks and trust that exist within a community and levels of community cohesion. Health defined by who: state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence and disease and infirmity (positive holistic view on health) Negative definitions of health = absence and disease. Quality of life: use to evaluate the general well-being of individuals and is a way of describing an individual"s emotional, social and physical well-being as well as ability to function with different concepts. Dictionary definition: describe common everyday ways in which health is defined. Assumption definitions: health is assumed to exist if certain conditions are achieved. Includes the: conceptually relative, the aspiration, the description.

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