HLTB20H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Genetic Drift, Consanguinity, Point Mutation
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Question 5
Which of the following is FALSE:
Natural selection has foresight, and can mold organisms in accordance with environments in the far future. This is why organisms have a good "fit" to their environments long after they have arisen through speciation. |
Selection is an undirected process that can only ever work with the materials at hand. |
Human beings have foresight because they possess brains that can think about possible outcomes and the consequences of actions. This is different to a process like natural selection. |
The fact that natural selection has no foresight does not mean that it is incapable of producing beings that have foresight. |
Question 6
The wings of bats, birds and flying insects are examples of:
Convergently evolved traits (at least in terms of their basic functionality). |
Homologous traits. |
Plesiomorphies. |
None of the above. |
Question 7
The effect of a trait depends on the environment because:
Organisms decide to change their behavior every so often to evade predators. |
It is only ever in the context of an environment that these traits can exist, and whether they assist the organism or inhibit it will depend on the particularities of that environment in which it must interact. |
Sexual selection will not tolerate wasteful and extravagant displays. |
The environment is changing too fast for the organism to keep up with in terms of its conscious appreciation of it, so it must rely on its traits to do the work. |
Question 8
Which of the following is TRUE:
Natural selection is not random; mutation is random; speciation is necessarily driven by natural selection. |
Natural selection is not random; mutation is random; speciation is not necessarily driven by natural selection. |
Natural selection is random; drift is random; speciation is not necessarily driven by natural selection. |
Natural selection is not random; mutation is random; speciation must occur through the evolution of pre-zygotic barriers to mating. |
Question 9
Heritability is:
The same as inheritance. |
Another way of stating the degree to which a trait is genetic (for example, you could say that the color of your skin is "80 percent genetic and 20 percent environmental") |
The proportion of variance of a trait in a population that is attributable to genetic variance in that population. |
Present in populations, but not necessary for evolution by natural selection. |
Random, chance events that change allele frequencies are knownas:
A. Gene flow |
B. Genetic drift |
C. Natural selection |
D. Balancing selection |
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Question 21 pts
What type of selection acts to maintain the two extremephenotypic variants in a population?
A. Disruptive selection |
B. Directional selection |
C. Positive selection |
D. Artificial selection |
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Question 31 pts
Approximately, how much of our DNA is shared with our closestrelatives, chimpanzees?
A. 100% |
B. 98.9% |
C. 88.3% |
D. 75.8% |
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Question 41 pts
The large canines of male baboons are likely the result of________, while the fact that some male baboons are very colorfulis probably the result of _______.
A. Mutation; balancing selection |
B. Gene flow; sexual dimorphism |
C. Male competition; female choice |
D. Mate choice; genetic drift |
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Question 51 pts
Negative assortative mating results in an increased frequency ofhomozygous genotypes within a population.
True |
False |
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Question 61 pts
Genetic evidence suggests that humans and Neandertals neverinterbred.
True |
False |
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Question 71 pts
The specific variant of the FOXP2 gene associated with languageacquisition in humans is found in both humans and Neandertals.
True |
False |
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Question 81 pts
Industrial melanism describes the change in moth color from paleto dark after pollution from factories resulted in coating treetrunks with a layer of dark soot. Which statement is trueconcerning industrial melanism?
A. After pollution levels increased, all moths became darkercolored because soot got on their wings |
B. The dark moths survived better after pollution levelsincreased because they were not poisoned by the pollutants |
C. Individual moths changed their color in response to thepollution |
D. Dark moths were present in the population before pollutionlevels increased |
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Question 91 pts
Patterns of evolution can be seen above the species level
True |
False |
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Question 101 pts
Inbreeding is problematic because it increases the probabilitythat offspring inherit two copies of a recessive mutation thatcauses disease.
True |
False |
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Question 111 pts
As a species, cheetahs seem to have a high risk of extinctionbecause:
A. Gene flow has caused a proliferation of unnecessarygenes. |
B. The species' genetic diversity is very low due to a previouspopulation bottleneck event. |
C. The species has undergone extreme sexual selection in orderfor males to achieve faster running speeds. |
D. Gene flow has been stifled due to an increase in demand forcaptive cheetahs. |
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Question 121 pts
A strand of DNA undergoes mutation. Which mutation occurred?
Original DNA- GGA CTC TTA CCC CAC GGA
Mutated DNA- GGG CTC TTA CCC CAC GGA
A. point mutation |
B. insertion mutation |
C. deletion mutation |
D. inversion mutation |
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Question 131 pts
A change from one nucleotide to another nucleotide is known as awhat?
A. Point mutation |
B. Insertion mutation |
C. Deletion mutation |
D. Inversion mutation |
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Question 141 pts
A change from one nucleotide to another nucleotide is known as awhat?
A. point mutation |
B. insertion mutation |
C. deletion mutation |
D. inversion mutation |
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Question 151 pts
According to the Typological Species Concept, species are:
A. An interbreeding group of organisms |
B. Static entities endowed with fixed properties |
C. A local population of organisms that have similargenes, interbreed, and produce offspring |
D. An exclusive community of gene exchange |
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Question 161 pts
Recognizing reproductive isolation is key to defining speciesunder the Biological Species Concept.
True |
False |
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Question 171 pts
The binomial system of classification was developed by:
A. Darwin |
B. Wallace |
C. Linnaeus |
D. Malthus |
E. None of the above |
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Question 181 pts
A derived trait, unique to a particular taxon within a givencladogram is called:
A. Synapomorphy |
B. Apomorphy |
C. Analogy |
D. Autapomorphy |
E. Symplesiomorphy |
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Question 191 pts
Analogy, and not homology, is useful for reconstructingevolutionary history.
True |
False |
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Question 201 pts
A phylogeny is which of the following:
A. A depiction of an organism's complete genome |
B. A depiction of evolutionary relationships betweenorganisms |
C. The gradual evolution of one species intoanother |
D. The Latin name of an organism including its genus andspecies designation |
Which of the following provides evidence for evolution?
All of these answers are correct |
Comparing DNA sequences between species |
Looking at the geographic distribution of similar species |
Comparing similarities in embryonic development between species |
Analyzing transitional fossils |
Which one of the following statements is true?
Natural selection works on non-heritable traits. |
Mutations only give rise to harmful traits. |
Natural selection works on variation already present in a population. |
Individuals evolve through natural selection. |
Which one of the following can create new alleles?
Genetic drift |
Natural selection |
Gene flow |
Mutation |
Which of the following is true concerning evolution?
An individual can evolve |
Genetic drift is a non-random part of natural selection |
An organism's fitness is determined by how long it survives |
Natural selection occurs through a change in allele frequency |
All living things need carbon. How does carbon enter the living portion of an ecosystem?
Atmospheric carbon dioxide taken in by photosynthesis. |
Atmospheric carbon dioxide taken in by soil bacteria. |
Elemental carbon taken in by plant roots. |
Elemental carbon taken in by cellular respiration. |
Elemental carbon taken in by cellular transpiration. |
The burning of fossil fuels:
Releases excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. |
Removes pollutants from the atmosphere. |
Was developed by scientists to combat global climate change. |
Has no effect on the carbon cycle. |
Is good for the environment |
__________ conducts water and dissolved minerals from the __________ to the ___________.
Phloem; roots; shoots |
Xylem; roots; shoots |
Phloem; shoots; roots |
Xylem; shoots; roots |
What is a disadvantage of growing traditional crops such as corn, soy or sugar cane for making biofuel?
they require lots of land and fresh water |
they take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere |
they release oxygen into the atmosphere |
they release water through their stomata |
______ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem.
NADPH |
H2O |
C6H12O6 |
CO2 |
Chlorophyll |
Through what structure(s) do plants obtain most of their water?
interior cells |
stems |
leaves |
roots |
stomata |