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HLTB21H3 Lecture 7: Lecture 7 In-class Notes [Measles]

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31 Oct 2010

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Caroline Barakat

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Document Summary

Earliest description is attributed to rhazes (900ad) - separated smallpox and measles clinically but thought they proceeded from the same cause. Prevailing theory was that the red rash represented the mother"s menstrual blood that accumulates during the child"s stay in the womb. Disease was welcomed - a way for the child to rid himself of the so called poision". Began in 1670, with thomas sydenham"s (also known as father of clinical ovservation") description of his son"s attack. He was the rst to clearly separate measles from smallpox, and he recognized complications such as cancrum oris (noma disease that leads to the destruction of tissue around the mouth) and encephalitis (in ammation of the brain) At the same time, scientists rejected the mother"s blood theory. Francis home (1757) demonstrated the infective nature of measles - succeeded in transmitting measles using blood from an infected child (8/10)

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Related Questions

Match each of the descriptions given below (symptoms, geographicdistribution, mode of transmission, etc.) with the viral diseasethat is the most likely cause. (Hint: look up all of the virusesand the diseases they cause, then try to do the problem.)

A yellow fever

B herpes (HSV-2)

C measles (rubeola)

D rotovirus

E ebola fever

F rabies

G HPV-16 (human papilloma virus)

H smallpox

1.The patient, who is a sexually active young adult, has genitalwarts.

2. The patient is a baby who was hospitalized because ofdehydration due to severe diarrhea. Patient also displays vomitingand low grade fever. An electronmicrograph of a stool sample showsa nonenveloped virus with an icosahedral symmetry (sort of round)that is about 70 nm in diameter.

3. The disease is an extremely severe hemmorhagic fever that isthought to be transmitted by contact with blood or bodily fluidsfrom an infected person (or possibly an animal but the naturalreservoir for this virus is currently unknown). An electronmicrograph shows the virus to be filamentous. Infections arefrequently fatal with most cases occurring in The Rebublic ofCongo, Zaire and Uganda.

4. The disease is a hemmorhagic fever that is transmitted bymosquitoes. An electron micrograph shows the virus to have anenveloped icosahedral capsid. The disease used to be common in Cubaand Panama. A patient suffers from internal bleeding that resultsin jaundice.

1.The appearance of koplik spots in the oral mucous of patients ischaracteristic of infection with what vial agent? A) hepatitis b)measles c) rabies d) yellow fever

2. The Sabin polio vaccine uses which of the following? A)formalin-killed viruses b) live, attenuated viruses c) sythenticviruses d) none of the above

3. Which of the following has been declared by the worldhealth organization? A) Venezuelan equine encephalitis b) smallpoxc) Rift Valley fever d) Korean hemorrhagic fever

4. Which of the following is Not caused by herpes virus? A)genital lesions b) shingle c) chronic fatigue syndrome d) fifthdisease

5. Identify characteristics of this hepatitis virus: containsDNA, infections spread by contaminated body fluids, 50 to 180 dayincubation period, and anti-HbcAg-IgM indicates a recentacuteinfection? A) HAV b) HBV c) HCV d) HEV

Samantha and Dave are expecting their first child. They areexcited for the baby to arrive, but they are nervous as well. Willthe baby be healthy? Will they be good parents? In addition tothese big concerns, it seems like there are a million decisions tobe made. Will Samantha breastfeed or will they use formula? Willthey buy a crib or let the baby sleep in their bed?

Samantha goes online to try to find some answers. She finds awebsite from an author who writes books on parenting. On this site,she reads an article that argues that children should not be givenmany of the standard childhood vaccines, including the measles,mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.

The article claims that the MMR vaccine has been proven tocause autism and gives examples of three children who came downwith autism-like symptoms shortly after their first MMR vaccinationat one year of age. The author believes that the recent increase inthe incidence of children diagnosed with autism-spectrum disordersis due to the fact that the number of vaccinations given inchildhood has increased.

Samantha is concerned. She does not want to create lifelongchallenges for her child. Besides, arenât diseases like measles,mumps, and rubella basically eradicated by now? Why should she riskthe health of her baby by injecting him with vaccines for diseasesthat are a thing of the past?

Once baby James is born, Samantha brings him to thepediatricianâs office. Dr. Rodriguez says James needs some shots.Samantha is reluctant, and shares what she has read online. Dr.Rodriguez assures Samantha that the study that originally claimed alink between the MMR vaccine and autism has been found to befraudulent, and that vaccines have repeatedly been demonstrated tobe safe and effective in peer-reviewed studies.

Although Samantha trusts her doctor, she is not fullyconvinced. What about the increase in the number of children withautism and the cases where symptoms of autism appeared after MMRvaccination?

Samantha has a tough decision to make, but a betterunderstanding of science can help her. In this chapter, you willlearn about what science is (and what it is not), how it works, andhow it relates to human health.

As you read this chapter, think about the followingquestions:

What do you think about the quality of Samanthaâs onlinesource of information about vaccines compared to Dr. Rodriguezâssources?

Do you think the arguments presented here that claim that theMMR vaccine causes autism are scientifically valid? Could there bealternative explanations for the observations?

Why do you think diseases like measles, polio, and mumps arerare these days and why are we still vaccinating for thesediseases?

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