HLTB21H3 Lecture 9: lecture 9 notes

1. The three infectious diseases that cause the majority ofdeaths worldwide are influenza, hepatitis B, and malaria.

True False

2.

Although it is normally transmitted by mosquitoes, malaria couldpotentially be transmitted by blood transfusions as the parasitethat causes it lives in the blood.

True

False

3. The overuse of ____________________ can cause bacteria todevelop genetic resistance.

4. Chagas is the most important parasitic illness in _______causing 40,000 deaths each year.

5. List four factors that are responsible for emerginginfectious disease.

6. The Ebola virus is spread through casual contact.

True

False

A 68 year old women was admitted to a hospital because of headaches that began a month earlier. She was in good health, prior to developing severe headaches, vertigo, photophobia, lethargy, and forgetfulness. Her temperature was 98.9 degrees F, and she knew her name but not the date. She had some resistance to bending her neck, consistent with mild inflammation of the meninges. She also had past-pointing when reaching for objects. A lumbar puncture revealed a total white blood cell count of 18/microliter ( normal is up to 4) and 75% polymorphonuclear leukocytes. CSF glucose was low suggesting a microbe was present in the subarachnoid space. The lab tech performing the wbc count noticed cells that were not wbc. To investigate further, the tech centrifuged the CSF, and stained the sediment with India ink. The round cell appeared to be budding, much like yeasts. In addition, the cell appeared to have a capsule.

1. What type of microbe could be causing the meningitis? Give one reason to support your answer based on the information provided.

2. Of the following eukaryotic microbes, which one is characterized by having polysaccharide capsules? Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Crytococcus neoformans.

In July of 2003 a construction worker came to a hospital in Palm Beach County complaining of fever, headaches, chills, nausea and malaise. After being treated for dehydration he was discharged. Two days later he returned to the hospital with worsening symptoms, and was admitted with a diagnosis of malaria. The next day his blood smear revealed Plasmodium. During July and August a plumber who worked outside, a fisherman who fished in the evenings, a golfer, a homeless individual, a carpenter and an outdoorsman all had Plasmodium infections. Six of the seven men had never traveled to a malarious region, none had had recent blood transfusions or was an IV drug user. Targeted mosquito trapping produced no Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes.

3. What could an epidemiologist infer from the interviews of the seven patients? What disease did all seven have?

4. How is this disease transmitted? How was it transmitted in this case?

Re-write the following passages from a student essay so that they no longer contain instances of plagiarism.  Add quotation marks and parenthetical citations when necessary.  Add in-text attributions to alert the reader to upcoming quotations and be sure to differentiate between a source’s voice and the student’s.

1. Americans have always had high expectations about their possibility for success. Though they may not have thought they would reach nirvana, 19th-century Americans believed that they would ultimately have fulfilling lives because they lived in America.
2. The American Dream means that anyone living in this country can rise to the level of his aspiration.
3. Throughout American history, Americans have believed that through hard work they could rise to the level of their aspirations.
4. In the 19th century, the American Dream reflected the belief that anyone in this pragmatic, un-class-conscious society of ours could, by dint of hard work, rise to the level of his aspiration.
5. The American Dream used to mean that people in this pragmatic society could rise to the level of their aspirations.
6. The American Dream seems now to not be about seizing opportunity but about realizing perfection and entering the fabulous worlds Americans see in the movies.
7. Americans are encouraged by what they see in Hollywood: the mere existence of movie stars proves the perfectibility of any man or woman.
8. Though Americans of the 1960s may have been the first generation to live within its illusions, today’s Americans certainly believe from seeing social media posts and digitally perfected images that perfection is possible in their own lives.
9. Though people have always wanted to be rich and famous, America is the first country to democratize dreams and allow Americans to believe in the perfectibility of any man or woman.
10. Anyone perusing social media today can see that Americans have come to believe in their own perfectibility.