HLTB21H3 Lecture : lecture 2

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rosemuskrat776

2 Nov 2010

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Hunter-gatherer were relatively healthy, highly transmission diseases or did not require vectors for transmission (sexual, direct contact) Cities, urban life, domestication of animals more frequent outbreaks. Diseases of antiquity (5000 bc - 700 ad) -- black death. Propagated from parasites with long period of transmission. Occurred because of person to person contact + zoonotic. Agricultural processes along the nile river - fertile land, inundation/ irrigation became common. produced good environment for parasites to grow. Snail fever - blood fluke disease/ endemic hematuria/ schistosomiasis. 18th century with europeans, outbreak of ww2. Athens & sparta - war, 27 years. Outcome of the war athenians blamed losing because infected by plagues. 430 bc ethiopia egypt ship by athens. Of athenians including leader of athens - pericles. Identity was unknown - what was done to avoid. Established 27 years bc, vast trade network. Malaria bad air, breathing bad air from marshes in the summer.

Related Questions

Scenario: Tularemia outbreak in rabbits in a popularoutdoor recreational area: A few days before of a longholiday weekend, the local health department is notified that therehas been a large die-off of rabbits at a reservoir popular forcamping, swimming, boating, hiking, fishing and many other outdoorrecreational activities. It is expected that at least 10,000 peoplewill visit the area over the weekend. Upon investigation andsampling, the local health department confirms Tularemia is thecause. The affected area is adjacent to the swim beach, the RVpark, and main trail heads.

Question:

Provide a scholarly analysis of the zoonotic disease in theabove scenario, highlighting the unique attributes of this illness,and support why it is a public health concern. Explain thesituational background and why a public health response would bewarranted.
Describe the animal to human disease transmission process forthis scenario, considering the unique epidemiology andenvironmental health factors that influence this diseasetransmission. What challenges/barriers can you expect to face,given this information?
Cite the sources within your text and reference list at theend

redmammoth172

44.Charlotte touches a doorknob after an individual with MRSA touched the doorknob. Immediately after touching the knob, Charlotte scratches her leg and transmits some MRSA cells into a small wound.The doorknob is functioning as a(n) a. etiologic agent. c. mode of transmission. b. reservoir. d. host. 44.A man infected with a viral respiratory infection sneezes and releases tiny droplets containing viral particles. Two minutes later, a woman breathes in some of these tiny droplets and becomes infected by the same viral infection. The movement of this virus from one individual to another is best described as the a. etiologic agent. c. mode of transmission. b. reservoir. d. host. 45. Although sporadic outbreaks of measles occur in the United States, the disease is considered nonendemic. What differentiates measles from endemic diseases, such as chickenpox? a. Endemic diseases exhibit higher numbers of cases than a sporadic outbreak. b. Diseases that are not endemic lack a reservoir in the area. c. Endemic diseases do not exhibit sporadic outbreaks. d. Diseases that are not endemic remain in reservoirs without infecting humans. 46. Which of the following would indicate efforts to control a disease are working? a. The disease becomes endemic. b. The disease prevalence increases. c. The disease incidence decreases. d. Outbreaks of the disease only occur every other year. 47. Which of the following statements describes one of the three steps of surveillance used for infectious diseases? a. Patients with infectious diseases are required to be seen by a physician at the CDC. b. Physicians are required to submit all patient records electronically to the CDC for review. c. Patient charts are reviewed by an infection control practitioner when an infectious disease is suspected. d. Incidence data is collected in all cases of bacterial infections within the United States. 48. Which of the following lists correctly identifies nosocomial infections from most common to least common? a. urinary tract, pneumonia, septicemia b. pneumonia, urinary tract, surgical wounds c. septicemia, surgical wounds, diarrhea d. diarrhea, urinary tract, pneumonia 49. Mary, an elderly woman with an indwelling catheter, is admitted to a local hospital for treatment of pneumonia. Three days after her admission, Maryâs husband receives a call from the hospital. He is informed that Mary has a nosocomial infection. Which of the following statements is true? a. The nosocomial infection referred to is pneumonia. b. Mary has most likely developed a urinary tract infection. c. Of all hospital patients, 25â30% develop nosocomial infections. d. Maryâs nosocomial infection could have been prevented with improved ventilation. 50. A nurse working in a large hospital harbors MRSA as part of the normal microbiota in his nose. He is most likely the source of a MRSA outbreak if a. infected patients have all had been cared for by this nurse and the isolates are identical. b. the patients are all elderly and the isolates of MRSA are not genetically identical. c. all of the infected patients were seen by the same physician and half of the patients were cared for by this nurse. d. all of the infected patients are on the same floor of the hospital and all have a history of heart problems. 51. Which of the following is NOT an example of aseptic technique? a. use of antiseptic on skin prior to insertion of an IV line b. use of latex gloves during the insertion of an indwelling catheter c. disinfection of doorknobs and other inert surfaces d. use of trash can liners in all patient rooms 52. An individual case of diphtheria, a notifiable infectious disease, in a patient in Florida is confirmed by laboratory testing. This patientâs physician would be required to a. send a letter to the WHO in Geneva, Switzerland. b. contact the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia. c. treat the patient regardless of health insurance status. d. quarantine the patient for eight weeks. 53. Fifteen individuals within one province in China are diagnosed with SARS. Epidemiologists will most likely a. quarantine the entire province immediately. b. contact the CDC in the United States to see if any cases were reported in the United States. c. wait to see if more cases of SARS are reported. d. try to identify the index case. 54. How does vaccinating wild rodents or poultry influence human health? a. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry has no effect on human health. b. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry reduces transmission of zoonotic diseases to humans. c. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry reduces the migration of microbes into temperate regions. d. Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry increases the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. 55. Which of the following scenarios would help meet the goal of the One Health Initiative? a. vaccinating poultry against avian influenza to prevent influenza from being transmitted to humans b. taking steps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to reduce the effects of climate change c. providing sanitation after flooding events to prevent gastrointestinal infections in humans d. increasing compliance during antibiotic treatment of tuberculosis patients to prevent emergence of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis 56. If humans continue to develop rapid transportation systems into more parts of the world, we should expect to see a. pandemics tracing the path of the transportation systems. b. an increase in detection of blood-borne pathogens. c. a decrease in human encroachment into tropical rain forests. d. an increase in the spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. 57. How has the AIDS pandemic influenced reemerging diseases? a. AIDS has increased the number of immunocompromised individuals who are susceptible to diseases that were previously declining in developed countries. b. AIDS has led to an increase in the number of disease vectors throughout the world. c. AIDS has increased the prevalence of protozoal and parasitic infections that were declining in underdeveloped countries. d. AIDS has caused evolution to occur in diseases that were close to being eradicated in all countries. 58. Which of the following is likely to occur as a result of climate change? a. Insect vectors will migrate from tropical regions to once-temperate regions. b. Gastrointestinal infections will decrease in tropical regions. c. Microbes currently found in temperate regions will move to tropical regions. d. Extreme weather will decrease and diseases will become less seasonal. 59. What features would allow a virus to be used effectively as a bioweapon? a. a high infectious dose c. person-to-person transmission b. transmission via an insect vector d. quick pathogen detection systems

Please answer all the questions

In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?

It recognized agriculture might have developed by different mechanisms in different parts of the world.

Both make the assumption that hunter-gatherers were (and still are) superior to agriculturists.

It recognized the reason agriculture did not develop in certain parts of the world was because people lacked the intelligence or skill.

It is a basic case of scientific plagiarism - Diamonds theory is identical to Harlans theory.

It recognized that agricultural societies were healthier and better fed than hunter-gatherer societies.

If a plant can grow well all by itself in the wild, yet still retains desirable agronomic traits, the plant is ____________________.

Choose the single best answer

The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:

Disperse seeds, defend themselves, and create oxygen.

Disperse seeds.

Disperse seeds and defend themselves.

Create oxygen.

Defend themselves.

Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:

Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity.

Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:

Low within variety and high between variety diversity

High within variety and low between variety diversity

Low within variety diversity

High within variety and high between variety diversity

High between variety diversity

______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten.

In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:

Lower productivity of un-cultivated plants due to late-Pleistocene cooling.

A higher incidence of religious practice in societies following the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

The situation where human populations are greater than the carrying capacity of the environment.

Hobbes's assertion that hunter-gatherer groups did not posses the knowledge or skills to develop agriculture.

That the stresses on pre-domesticated plant species led to the development of traits that result in the "domestication syndromeâ

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HLTB21H3 Lecture : lecture 2

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