LINB09H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Pharyngealization, Vocal Folds, Secondary Articulation
Document Summary
Made with a constriction between both lips. Bilabial fricatives: upper articulator upper lip. Made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the upper lip. Indicated by a little seagull diacritic under the labial symbol t d n. Lower articulator (tongue), assumed to be apical for dental and alveolar sounds and laminal for postalveolar sounds, if not marked otherwise. However, the lower articulator can be stated explicitly if needed by using diacritics. Often made with a constriction between the blade of the tongue and the area behind the alveolar ridge, but before the palate. Produced by curling tongue back constriction between the postalveolar area and the tongue tip or underside of the tongue tip. Seen stops allophonically in english, but other languages have phonemic retroflex segments. Stops may either have an apical or sub-apical contact. Approximant / / is like english / / in most productions.
