PSYB20H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Fetus, Lmna, Genetic Counseling
PSYB20-Lecture 2:
Conception and Infertility:
-Ectopic pregnancy: fertilization in fallopian tube, instead of the uterus
-Birth control causes you not to ovulate, so that pregnancy cannot occur
-One is infertile when a couple cannot conceive after 12 yrs. of trying
-Insufficient motile sperm: cannot swim to the fucking egg
-Endometriosis: lining of the uterus, grows outside of the uterus causing adhesions
-Blockage of the fallopian tubes, causing the sperm not to meet the egg (most common)
oEasiest thing to
Assisted Reproductive Technology:
-1978
-Artificial insemination:
oLow sperm count or insufficient motile sperm
oTake the sperm, wash it, and put it right next to the fallopian tube
-IVF:
oThe woman takes lots of drugs and it will go on overdrive, causing her to release
many eggs
oRemove all the eggs the women has produce, fertilize it in a petri dish and then
put them all back in or put one, and freeze the rest, etc.
oThe government of Ontario, will fund one round of IVF but will only allow one egg
put back in
-ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
oThe egg is injected with a single sperm due to low sperm count
-Ovum transfer:
oWhen woman has trouble, and receives a donor egg
oThe donor egg and man’s sperm, and then the woman carries the egg
oThe “mother” will not be related
-Donor:
oYou must donate and not sell eggs in Canada (although, can be sold in USA)
Surrogacy:
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-When a fertile woman carries the child for a mother
-May have a problem in her uterine lining
-Would do the IVF process and will be put inside another woman
-The surrogate might donate their eggs along with their womb
-Must be 21 years and already a mother; due to attachment reasons to the baby she
would need to carry
oThe commitment is a serious situation
oThey want the woman to already carry a child so they know what she is getting
herself into
oBeing 21 is essential so she can make decisions for herself
Adoption:
-Amazing because one is permanently changing someone’s life
Sex Determinism:
-Survival of the fittest is the reason why fertilization is so hard to occur
-There are more Y chromosomes, and are faster since X chromosomes have an extra
tick
-Differentiation isn’t automatic
-Males development is requiring the activation of the SRY gene
oThis causes the embryo to cause male sex organ
-Female development systems depends on the activation of WNT gene
oSuppresses the male development
Mutations:
-Every once in awhile, it can be a good thing since it is beneficial in our environment
-Survival of the fittest
Multifactorial Transmission:
-Complex traits: combination of genetic and environmental factors
oSkin color
-Polygenic inheritance:
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oPhysical characteristics
oHeight
Epigenesis
-Genes are not destiny
-Cannot look at genetic code and tell you what kind of person you will be when you are
old
-Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells
-Even though the rats have the genetics of having low nurturing rats, and then giving
them to the high nurturing rats, they will end up being calm
oThis shows that this is an environmental factor, not a genetic aspect
Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
Dominant or Recessive Inheritance of Defects:
-If dominant trait was deadly, then they die at the age of one, then that trait would never
carry on since those people will not have kids
- The recessive gene that is deadly will have a chance of being passed onto your child if
the partner also has that gene
oThen they will have a 1 in 4 chance of their child having that gene passed on
-Incomplete dominance:
oDifferent severities and some can be mild or strongly expressed
-Progeria: accelerated aging
oBaby is born w traits of an elderly person
Wrinkles, weak heart, smaller
This is a dominant gene
Tend to live till they are 13
Very rare
LMNA gene a protein that provides support to the cell nucleas
-22q11.2 deletion syndrome: dominant syndrome caused by the deletion of a small
segment of chromone 22
oLearning problems
3
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Document Summary
Ectopic pregnancy: fertilization in fallopian tube, instead of the uterus. Birth control causes you not to ovulate, so that pregnancy cannot occur. One is infertile when a couple cannot conceive after 12 yrs. of trying. Insufficient motile sperm: cannot swim to the fucking egg. Endometriosis: lining of the uterus, grows outside of the uterus causing adhesions. Blockage of the fallopian tubes, causing the sperm not to meet the egg (most common: easiest thing to. Artificial insemination: low sperm count or insufficient motile sperm, take the sperm, wash it, and put it right next to the fallopian tube. Icsi (intracytoplasmic sperm injection: the egg is injected with a single sperm due to low sperm count. Ovum transfer: when woman has trouble, and receives a donor egg, the donor egg and man"s sperm, and then the woman carries the egg, the mother will not be related. Donor: you must donate and not sell eggs in canada (although, can be sold in usa)
