PSYB32H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Fluoxetine, Methylphenidate, Sertraline

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6 Jun 2018
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PSYB32 - Abnormal Psychology/Intro to Clinical Psychology
Lecture 2 - Current Paradigms | Integrative Approaches
The Role of Paradigms
Paradigm
Conceptual framework or approach within which a scientist works
Set of basic assumptions
Fundamental knowledge on how to solve a problem
Implications for diagnosis, treatment and society
What is fact, what is bias, and what is political correctness
Biological Paradigm
Behaviour genetics
Genotype vs. phenotype
Genotype - unobservable genetic constitution that is fixed at birth but not
static and switch off and on at specific times
Made up of genetic codes
Comes 50% from your mom and 50% from your dad
Fixed
Phenotype - totality of his or her observable behavioural characteristics
that is the product of an interaction between the genotype and the
environment
Hair colour, skin colour
Dynamic - your genes and the environment are involved
Family method
Type of method to understand predisposition of certain disorders
Twin method
Monozygotic (MZ) twins
Identical twins, come from one egg
Share 100% of their genetic makeup
Schizophrenia - only 50% of the twins will develop the disorder
because the phenotype is not automatically determined by the
genotype
Dizygotic (DZ) twins
Fraternal twins
Adoptees method
Investigates similarities between the adoptee and their biological and
adoptive parents
Based on the medical model/disease model
Is there a biological component to a disorder?
Predisposition - something in our genetic code that you are in a greater risk for
presenting or developing a certain disorder
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Biochemistry
● Neurotransmission and its function
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allows signals to cross
synapses to transmit information from a nerve cell or neuron to a target cell
Coordinate behaviour by stimulating an action or inhibiting an impulse
Dopamine functions as both an inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter and is
critical for memory and motor skills
Plays a role in behaviour, learning, sleep, mood, focus, attention, immune
health and pleasurable reward
Gabba, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter widely distributed through the brain
Considered a significant mood modulator
When gaba levels are too low or gaba action is impaired, neurons can
become over excited which can lead to restlessness, anxiety, and
irritability
Glutamate, most common neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
Involved in most aspects of brain functioning including cognition, learning
and memory
Major mediator of the excitatory signals regulating the brain development
as well as the elimination and formation of nerve synapses
Serotonin, present in the brain and digestive tract
Important factor in mood, depression, anxiety, sleep, emotions and, the
regulation of appetite and temperature
Acetylcholine (ACH)
Triggers voluntary muscle, contractions, controls heartbeat and,
stimulates the excretion of certain hormones
Critical for sleep, attentiveness, sexuality, and memory
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Acts as a neuromodulator optimizing brain performance
As part of the body’s fight or flight response norepinephrine quickly
provides an accurate assessment of danger of stressful situations
Excessive amounts of this chemical can leave you anxious and
hyperactive
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Both a neurotransmitter and a hormone that is essential to metabolism,
attention, mental focus, and our innate response to stress, fear, anger,
panic or excitement
Abnormal levels are linked to sleep disorders, anxiety, hypertension and
lowered immunity
Reuptake in the context of depression and its treatment
Biological factors that cause depression
Role of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and noradrenaline
Low serotonin can lead to sadness, anxiety and worthlessness
Synapse - the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron
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When enough serotonin is received by the postsynaptic neuron the
message can move forward and creates positive effects on an individual's
mood
In people who do have depression too little serotonin is available to be
released and received by the postsynaptic neuron which can interfere
with the message being sent and quite often results in symptoms of
depression
SSRI’s
Block reuptake of serotonin
The main effect is to reduce or block the reabsorption or reuptake of
serotonin by the presynaptic neuron
The SSRI will travel to the synapse between these neurons and it will bind
itself to the serotonin reuptake transporters on the surface of the
presynaptic neuron and will block the serotonin from being sucked back
up into that presynaptic neuron by doing this serotonin levels within the
synapse will increase leaving more serotonin free to stimulate the on the
postsynaptic neuron and will leave the individual feeling happy and
improving their overall mood
Structure and Function of the Human Brain
Cortical Brain Surface
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Document Summary

Lecture 2 - current paradigms | integrative approaches. Conceptual framework or approach within which a scientist works. Fundamental knowledge on how to solve a problem. What is fact, what is bias, and what is political correctness. Genotype - unobservable genetic constitution that is fixed at birth but not static and switch off and on at specific times. Comes 50% from your mom and 50% from your dad. Phenotype - totality of his or her observable behavioural characteristics that is the product of an interaction between the genotype and the environment. Dynamic - your genes and the environment are involved. Type of method to understand predisposition of certain disorders. Schizophrenia - only 50% of the twins will develop the disorder because the phenotype is not automatically determined by the genotype. Investigates similarities between the adoptee and their biological and adoptive parents.

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