PSYC18H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Emotion Classification, Emotional Expression, Attachment Theory
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3 months: using the face and elicitor method, the criteria is much stricter; it would take more than 1 year of age to communicate discrete negative emotions. Do infants show distinct negative facial expressions? (study): camras et al. (2007), participants: Seventy-two 11-month-old infants: cross-cultural sample: us, japan, china. Study design: 2 factor (anger vs. fear) within-subjects design, method, arm restraint to elicit anger, growling gorilla to elicit fear, dependent variable 1: Facial behaviour: oster"s (2006) facial action coding system. Identifies combination/degree of activity of muscles that underlie face expressions: dependent variable 2, body language, withdrawal, turning to mother. For instance, withdrawal, stilling, struggling, hiding face, squirming, etc: results showed differences in body language by condition (see chart below). Interpretation of results: differences in body language suggest underlying differences in emotional experience, anger and fear are distinctly expressed by 11-month-olds, but only in terms of body language.
