PSYB30 L2
● trait approach
○ the way a lay person would think about what defines personality
● trait
○ consistent pattern of behaviour, emotion, thoughts
■ what the person is feeling/thinking
■ things that support the emotions/thoughts the person is having
○ will see the same patterns of thoughts/emotions in different situations over
time
○ distinctiveness b/t people
■ some traits that a lot/few have, some traits people are
stronger/weaker on
● uniqueness
○ personality is seen as the sum of all traits
● trait theories provide descriptions
○ don’t look @ the way a trait develops/underlying framework
○ only descriptive theories
● trait theorists try to
○ look @ a framework that any/all can be described
■ not necessarily looking @ the framework that describes an individual
person
■ framework for looking @ all of the traits that exist and how they fit
together
○ look @ taxonomy of traits
■ listing/collection, a way of categorizing traits
○ determine how many traits there are in total, how many traits they should be
looking @, how they rel8 to each other, what diff. listings we can use
● approaches to discovering traits
○ lexical approach
■ where trait theories started
■ starting w/ Gordon Allport
■ words/collections of words
■ starts off w/ words that people have used in the past to describe traits
● start w/ something very broad (e.g. dictionary/text) ○ statistical/empirical approach
■ people are looking @ the traits that are actually out there, figuring out
how they fit together in a statistical way
○ theoretical approach
■ starts off w/ theories
■ start off w/ a theoretical perspective
● e.g. Carl Jung thought that people had different ways of
orienting themselves towards the world
○ some are more inward/outward
(introversion/extraversion)
■ begins w/ an idea
● rather than words/data/facts collected from the environment
● common traits
○ thought of as shared by all people/all people are thought to have
■ not all people are the same on those traits
■ people have some level of all traits to some degree
● e.g. some people may have high/low levels of extraversion
○ anything that is regarded as a common trait, you’re going to be able to
represent as a line on a likert scale
■ everybody can be represented on that continuum
○ w/ common traits, scores are normally distributed in the population
■ fewer people on the extremes of the continuum
■ a lot of people in the middle of the continuum
○ assumed to be normally distributed
■ not necessarily the case for all common traits
○ w/ normal distribution, the way to look @ a bell curve graph
■ ordinate would be the # of people that have that particular trait
■ abscissa would be the score on that particular trait
○ deviations of the mean
■ b/t mean and one standard deviation above/below the mean
● nomothetic approach
○ most closely associated w/ common traits
○ looking @ what is common among people
○ where they order w/ respect to each other on the trait continua
○ approach used by most trait theories today
■ b4, idiographic approach was mostly used (e.g. Freud)
○ relationship to common traits ■ how people compare to each other on various traits
○ e.g. doing research looking @ the relationship b/t agreeableness/leadership
■ need to measure agreeableness and r8 leadership
■ results: weak relationship
● don’t necessarily need to be agreeable to be an effective
leader
○ comparing people along the same personality dimensions
■ e.g. Canadians v.s. Americans on the riskaversion
● idiographic approach
○ looks @ a single individual
○ try to understand how the traits of that individual fit together
○ e.g. case study of a single person
■ trying to understand how their traits work together
○ another way of understanding personality
■ e.g. Freud
○ tries to the understand framework in which that person operates
■ how one trait influences another
■ how that person behaves in particular situations
■ don’t look @ them in contrast to different people
● idiographic approach contrast w/ nomothetic approach
○ idiographic approach
■ approach where you’re taking a close look @ an individual
■ e.g. idiographic approach of your personality
● would want to know how you grew up, what your parents were
like, what your early influences were
● what you are like in diff. situations and how the situations
impact(ed) you (what causes you to act a certain way in a
specific situation)
○ nomothetic approach
■ comparing larger groups of people on one/two trait(s)
■ e.g. nomothetic approach
● taking you as a member of this psychology class and
comparing you to a class of a similar size in geography
● seeing what the diff. is in extroversion compared to a class of a
similar size in geography
● approach depends on what your purpose is in that research ○ nomothetic perspective
■ only interested in how larger groups of people differ from each other
○ idiographic perspective
■ interested in individuals and interventions you could have w/ them
○ e.g. organizing a workshop to help people improve their presentation skills
■ bringing the extroverted side of people may help w/ that and may want
to work w/ individual people on helping them improve that
■ working w/ a larger group of people, finding what aspects of a
situation make them nervous (e.g. does it depend on the size of the
group they’re presenting to, could be a # of things)
○ e.g. diff. b/t men and women doing presentations
■ trying to bring out the more extroverted side of women (applied
approach)
● find out what they’ve learned as they grew up, what they think
their socially prescribed roles are as females
● idiographic approach
○ eventual hope is to figure out in a more detailed/nuanced way how the
various aspects of personality work together (the more dynamic aspects of
personality)
○ understand personality better on a more general scale by looking @ one
particular person (may look @ person’s background sometimes)
● not interested in the developmental trajectory
○ in general, trait theorists are not concerned w/ underlying forces/influences
■ e.g. how somebody became who they are
● key ideas from Gordon Allport
○ supported the idiographic approach
■ believed that there were common traits
○ saw individual uniqueness as a combination of traits
○ techniques used yielded textbased qualitative type data
■ e.g. interviews, behavioural observations, qsorts
○ assessing personality w/ qsorts
■ may have used index cards w/ different traits written on them
■ ask the patient to sort the cards from most similar to least similar to
them
● cards that were least like them were furthest left
● cards somewhat/not like them were placed in the middle ● cards most like them were furthest right
■ qsorts are easier from a conceptual standpoint
○ defined traits as “internal structures that renders many stimuli functionally
equivalent/yield similar adaptive and expressive behaviours”
■ “many stimuli” refers to
● many diff. types of situations/inputs from the environment
■ “functionally equivalent” refers to
● idea being that the person will yield the same behaviour
○ will react/feel the same/similar way
○ viewed personality traits as something inside the person that made external
stimuli seem the same to that person (wide variety of social situations would
be very similar b/c of the particular personality trait you have)
■ e.g. if you’re shy, social situations would seem threatening to you
● anxiety provoking
■ e.g. if you’re extroverted/ a fun person, doesn’t matter what the
situation is
● you’re going to EXP fun
● you’re going to make it fun for other people w/ few exceptions
○ specified that there were three types of traits
■ 1. cardinal
■ 2. central
■ 3. secondary
● traits
○ what a person generally does, not what they’ll always do
■ some pattern of consistency there
○ if you see inconsistency, doesn’t mean that the person doesn’t have that trait
■ means that the situation has some influence on how the trait will be
expressed and where it’ll be expressed, etc.
○ e.g. inconsistency: @ a funeral
■ people will socialize to a certain extent and are generally not loud
■ telling jokes/networking is frowned upon
● trait theorists primarily study traits
○ all acknowledge the impact of a situation
○ will look @ relationship b/t personality/situation
● cardinal traits
○ single characteristic that directs most of what that person does ○ strong influence over their life
○ very few people have cardinal traits
○ used only when it seems that a person’s life is directed towards a certain
thing
■ e.g. Mother Teresa (very kind) and Superman (fighting crime)
● central traits
○ main characteristics of a person
○ how you would describe your friend/frenemy
○ a person tends to have fiveten
■ e.g. friendly, nice, liar, cheater
○ balance b/t very general/specific
■ e.g. extraverted (general) v.s. sociable (in b/t) v.s. talks a lot (specific)
● secondary traits
○ affects behaviour in fewer situations
■ only in specific situations
○ same as a central trait, but less influential
■ less influence on how they behave
○ easier to δ/modify
■ e.g. disliking rap music
● Raymond Cattell
○ major trait theorist
○ one of the founders of trait psychology
○ w/ his work, took an empirical approach to trait theory
○ began w/ lexical work that Allport had done
■ Allport developed 4,500 trait words
○ developed a taxonomy of 16 personality factors by removing the synonyms
■ got down to a more manageable # of trait words
○ collected ratings on the remaining traits by testing people on them
○ used factor analysis (s
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