ANT100Y1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Gene Flow, Natural Selection, Zygosity
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ANT100–LECTURE 3 - Principles of Evolution
Modern synthesis of evolution
-focuses on how evolution works at the level of phenotypes, genes, and pop’s
Genetics
o Somatic cells: most cells in body except sex cells.
o Gametes
o Cytoplasm
o Nucleus
o Chromosomes
o DNA
NASA (2011) reported that meteorites found on Earth, contain nucleobases (such as adenine
and guanine) may have been formed in outer space!!!
RNA
1) Dictate synthesis of proteins that perform a wide variety of functions
2) Regulate expression of other genes.
3) Work with structures in cell (the ribosomes) that are critical for making proteins
4) Transport amino acids to ribosomes for the creation of proteins
Protein
o Linear sequences of amino acids; building blocks of cells
o Earth protein has specific function determined by “blueprint” stored in DNA
o i.e. catalysis of all biochemical reactions is done by enzymes, which contain protein
(digestion); and many more.
Transcription & Translation (using that copy to make a protein)
TRANSCRIPTION
o Synthesis of single strand of RNA at unwound section of DNA strands serving
o Codons
o genetic information encoded in sequence of 3 nucleotides termed codons
o 4 nucleotides of RNA A, G, C, and uracil which replaces thymine in DNA template.
Why does uracil replace thymine? May increased DNA stability and improved efficiency of DNA
replication. Prevent copying error.
TRANSLATION
o tRNA is information adapter molecule
o Direct interface b/w amino-acids sequence of protein & info in mRNA. Therefore, it
decodes info in mRNA.
o Acceptor stem is site where specific amino acid is attached. Anticodon reads info in
mRNA sequence by base pairing.
Gene: chemical unit of heredity
Phenotype: observable physical appearance of organism; may or may not reflect genotype or
total genetic constitution
Genotype: the total complement of inherited traits or genes of an organism
Alleles: one member of a pair of genes
Document Summary
Focuses on how evolution works at the level of phenotypes, genes, and pop"s. Genetics: somatic cells: most cells in body except sex cells, gametes, cytoplasm, nucleus, chromosomes, dna. Nasa (2011) reported that meteorites found on earth, contain nucleobases (such as adenine and guanine) may have been formed in outer space!! Protein: linear sequences of amino acids; building blocks of cells, earth protein has specific function determined by blueprint stored in dna i. e. catalysis of all biochemical reactions is done by enzymes, which contain protein (digestion); and many more. Transcription & translation (using that copy to make a protein) May increased dna stability and improved efficiency of dna replication. Translation trna is information adapter molecule: direct interface b/w amino-acids sequence of protein & info in mrna. Therefore, it decodes info in mrna: acceptor stem is site where specific amino acid is attached. Anticodon reads info in mrna sequence by base pairing.
