ANT100Y1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Cluniac Reforms, Middle Ages, Opus Dei
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Secular in middle ages meant worldly not non-religious. Regular church, regular clergy means those that live under a rule. Coenobitic monks live in community, hermit/eremitic lived in rome. Innocence agreed that priest should be more educated. Eating bread and wine you are participating the body christ. Cardinals where usually bishops but not all the time. Cluniacs: monastery of cluny founded in 909 by duke william i of aquitaine, Began reforming older benedictine houses, creating a network of affiliated monasteries. Emphasis on strict discipline and elaboration of the liturgy (opus dei). Canons regular: from 11th century canons began following the less rigorous rule of st. augustine, Cistercians: citeaux founded 1098 by abbot robert of molesme. Cluniacs for a life amphasizing manual labor, self-sufficiency, poverty.