ANT369H1 Jan 20, 2014
Lecture 2 Anthropology and War
What is McFates purpose and justification for writing this essay?
why bring anthro into the military? To produce cultural knowledge of the
enemy/adversary (counterinsurgence)
What is insurgency?
a rebellion or uprising against a social order
armed and political power
purpose to overthrow the govt.
its protract (ongoing and low intensity)
Examples of insurgency
Vietnam war, US were able to dominate the military battle (lost the war) but they
got kicked out
prior to americans the French were dominating Vietnam –French insurgence
French insurgence instructed the Americans (taught them how to sell drugs to
Soviet Union)
long history of CounterInsurgence
Eg. of US military Ethnocentrisms?
• 1998 nationalist Italian
• Ethnocentrism seen constantly with mirror imaging : trying to anticipate the
moves of your opponents based on the assumption that they will act the way you
will act
•
Nuts and huts
• Derogatory term to refer to anthropology as a study to downplay the use of
anthropology
•
National Security Council (NSC):
• Most powerful security council in the US, if there was a war tom no govt and
political leaders then they would take charge (elite of the elite of the political
leaders that are part of this)
• Council of Foreign relations; decide political philosophy which incorporates
military philosophy ( NONpartisan) … below the NSC
PowellWeinberger Doctrine:
• Overwhelming power, go after them with the biggest guns and weapons and hit as
hard as you can
• The idea you do the calculations (this many soldiers, fuel, and so on and see what
the odds are)
• McFate is saying that this doctrine needs to be revised, that is where anthropology
comes in , that it can have a softened effect ANT369H1 Jan 20, 2014
Problem with US military Code:
• Getting handbooks made from the 20’s and 50s to fight different kind of
armies
• This was forged and revised during the Cold War era and was for those
purposes (constructed for the cold war that was expected)
Passage: Us ARMY was not defeated on battlefield n Vietnam, claimed US colonel. Why
did the North Vietnamese colonel reply to US colonel “that maybe so , but it is also
irrelevant”why is is the same for Iraq?
British approach to counter insurgency?
• were insurgency for a much longer period
• based on deep cultural knowledge
• use minimum force and policing and military –get a populace to militate
themselves
• had civilian military cooperation, teaching the soldiers cultural knowledge and
how to interact with their ppl
Why is anthro not involved in US military consideration?
• Based more on mathematics and so on
• Doesn’t seem useful for them, couldn’t understand it
• Anthropology is a discovery into postmodernism (important developments, self
criticism of anthros role in colonialism)
• Decentering away from a Eurocentric view
• Focusing more on colonized voices
• All the major world powers have immigrants from their past colonies
• Worst part of postmodernism has bad writing : very hard to understand
•
Role of Anthro in the British Colonial Era?
• Counseling colonial rulers and militaries how to dominate the colonies
Sylvanus Morley? What did Boas think of him?
• Movie –raiders of the last arc ; Based these movies on Sylvanus
• expert of Hieroglyphics and Mayan studies, was recruited by the Military (WW1)
• Was knowledgeable about the Mexico
• Boas was German and taught in German Anthropological theory
• Spying was an interesting phenomenon (Brits recruited by Germans to spy on
Britain for 35 years were recruited then later were asked to do something)
• Boas was completely against any use of Anthropology for use of military
purposes
• Boas was Jewish and minority in Germany , it was a form of prostitution don’t
use science for military purposes
• Was centric by US military –was told he was wrong
Military Connection of the Following Anthropologists: ANT369H1 Jan 20, 2014
• Carleton Coon; worked in Marco and Africa; American Anthropologist
• Tom Harrison: trained in Guerilla forces (irregular warfare performed by armed
civilians or irregular soldiers that sabotage, conduct rades etc ) fighting against
the Nazis and Soviets
• Cora Du Bois: was a spy , recruited off od war info. To organize resistance on
South East Asia
• Bateson: Burma, rescue missions in enemy Territory, producing black
propaganda; counter Japanese propaganda ( was racist, pamphlets and radio
programs to counterpropaganda) , advocating promotion of organization twds
deep knowledge became the CIA , stemmed from the OSS
• Involved in MK ultra: mind control, use of motion pictures for mind control,
analyzed Nazi movies to counter them , experimenting with LSD , James
Cameron (maker of Titanic)
• Margaret Mead: wife of Bateson, influential in academia, hired by UN and US
military to write about US military cultures, idea about overwhelming force do
your 5 months and you pack up and leave
• Ruth Benedict: wrote “Patterns of Culture”, 1943 wrote a book about the racist of
Mank
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