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APS111H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Environmentally Friendly

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raspberryskunk552

14 Sep 2012

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Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry

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Esp 1 lecture outline: the design team, client, and users. The client wants a portable, light weight device to eliminate stinging or biting flying insects. The device is designed to work indors, should not harm beneficial insects and must be easy to position in any room. In addition, the client who currently does not market flying insect traps but does market ant traps, does not want to use poison, and the device should be quiet. It must meet all safety requirements, be environmentally friendly and must cost less than per year to operate. Functions to eliminate stinging and biting flying insects. Meet all safety requirement (government imposed constraint) Cost less than /year to operate (client imposed constraint: how is design different from close-ended problem solving, open problems vs closed problems. Closed problems: one right answer, many wrong answers. Open problems: many answers, better worse: determinate vs indeterminate problems.

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Related Questions

Exp 25. pH Measurements-Buffers and Their Properties.

I need help in the calculations for part C finding the pKa in 1,2, and 3. Thanks!

Experiment 25 pH Measurements- Buffers and Their Properties ne of the is its concentration of hydrogen ion. The pecies, on they, the H,O ion) has a great effect on the solubility of many isorganic and ora tions. It is important H ion (or. more more important properties of an aqueous solution conplex metallic cations found in solutions, and on the rates of many chemical reac- of hydrogen ion and understand its effect on solution propertics that we know how to measure the concentration For convenience, the concentration of H" as molarity. The frequendly ex ãion is frequently expressed as the pH of the solution rather than pH of a solution is defined by the following equation: the equation, 4. If the [H to the base 10. If (H'l is 1 x 104 moles per liter, the pH of the solution is, by is 10-? M, the pH is 1.3. tion will always be obeyed: described in terms of pH. In aqueous solutions the following equilibrium rela- In distillecd water [H Soler t lequals IOH 1. so, by Equation 2, IH"] must be I X 10 M. Therefore,the pH of distilled will have a pH 7; if H 1 IOH1. the solution is basic and its pH >7. A solution with a pÅ of 10 will have or 1 Ã 10-4 M. We measure the pH of a solution experimentally in two ways. In the first of these we use a chemical an indicator, which is sensitive to pH. These substances have colors that change over a relatively short two pH units) and can, when properly chosen, be used to determine roughly the pH of a solu- called H range on. Two very common indicators are litmus, usually used on paper, and phenolphthalein, the most common indicator in acid-base titrations. Litmus changes from red to blue as the pH of a solution goes from about 6 to about 8. Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to red as the pH goes from 8 to 10. A given indicator is useful for determining pH only in the region in which it changes color. Indicators are available for measure- ment of pH in all the important ranges of acidity and basicity. By matching the color of a suitable indicator in a solution of known pH with that in an unknown solution, one can determine the pH of the unknown to within about 0.3 pH units. The other method for finding pH is with a device called a pH meter. In this device two electrodes, one of which is sensitive to [H'], are immersed in a solution. The potential between the two electrodes is related to the pH. The pH meter is designed so that the scale will directly furnish the pH of the solution. A pH meter gives much more precise measurement of pH than does a typical indicator and is ordinarily used when an accurate determination of pH is needed Some acids and bases undergo substantial ionization in water, and are called strong because of their essentially complete ionization in reasonably dilute solutions. Other acids and bases, because of incomplete ionization (often far less than even 1% in 0.1 M solution), are called weak Hydrochloric acid, HCl, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH, are typical examples of a strong acid and a strong base. Acetic acid, HCH,0, and ammonia, NH, are classic examples of a weak acid and a weak base. A weak acid will ionize according to the Law of Chemical Equilibrium HB(aq)H'(a) B (aq) 3)

M 121 1 201 Ideal Gas Law (PV n Experiment to T ) Determine the Ideal Gas Constant R 1. Conduct basic measurements, measurement , mathematical calculations and conversions for of volume, pressure, and temperature: calculate percent error and account for sources of error in an e xperimental result name and by following safety proced ty experiments for a redox reaction by using equipment identifiable by form chemical calculations using mass, mole and volumes and idenify limitatios of measuring devices in order to state the uncertainty/significant figures in measurements and calculation results. 5. Demonstrate a proficiency in relating the chemistry of gases to everyday phenomenon. Introduction Molecules in gases have very little attraction for one another, because relative to their size, they are so far apart from each other. For this reason we can often assume that a gas behaves "idcally." meaning that the physical behavior of the gas is independent of the composition of the gas. If a gas behaves ideally, then its physical properties can be described by the Ideal Gas Equation: Let's consider why the variables in the ideal gas equation have the relationships expressed in Equation 1aã The ideal gas equation assumes that there are no attractive forces between gas molecules. One can picture two billiard balls bouncing off one another in a totally clastic collision. If these molecules are placed in a balloon the collisions will occur not only with each other but also with the wall of the balloon, causing the balloon to expand. This expansion can be measured as a volume (V). More molecules will cause more collisions and thus more expansion. Therefore the quantity of molecules or number of moles (n) is directly proportional to the volume, and thus volume and number of moles appear on opposite sides of the equation. Another factor to consider is the kinetic energy of these molecules. Kinetic energy is related to the temperature (T) of the molecules, in that the kinetic energy. If the collisions with the wall of the balloon are happening at a very high speed due to high kinetic energy, the collisions will be harder and more frequent and thus the wall of the balloon will be pushed out further (a larger volume) than if the kinetic energy were less. The result is that volume is also directly proportional to the temperature. This relationship is seen in Equation la with (T) on the right side of the equation and (V) on the left. higher the temperature the greater the considered. While the molecules inside the balloon are pushing the balloon out, there are also molecules in thea Finally the pressure of the outside environment (atmospheric pressure) needs to be 59

Part 1. The town of Riverside has a decision to make. Historicallya manufacturing center in upstate New York, Riverside has watchedits many factories close down over the years, due to changingmarket interests and other economic factors. Now, because ofimprovements in the transportation infrastructure of the area, thetown has caught the attention of Chemex, a multinationalcorporation; the company has offered to buy several of thesefactories, with the intention of starting up three new operations:a metal-refining center, a paper mill, and a fine chemicalssynthesis unit.

The problem is that the original design of the factories calls forthe emission of waste streams directly into the nearby river; anymajor retrofitting of the factories looks, at first glance, to beprohibitively expensive. Chemex has offered the followingprojection for expected emissions from each plant:

paper mill: 2.5 g of NaOH produced per L of waste
synthesis unit: 1.1 g of aniline or 1.5 g of benzoic acid per L ofwaste
(product depends on process being run)
metal refinery: 2.0 g of H2SO4 produced per L of waste
The town council has to decide whether to approve the sale of thesefactories for this intended use; while eager for the chance torevitalize Riverside, they are also very concerned about thepotential environmental impact of these industries.

You have been hired to help prepare a report on the latter. Yourfirst concern is with the effect of these waste streams on thehealth of the river. The town has mandated that each plant effluenthave a pH within the range of 6.8 - 7.2 before the stream isallowed to be discharged into the river. Questions to be addressedin the report include:

What will the pH of each waste stream be, based on the company'sprojected emission data?
One way to reach the target pH is through dilution of the wastestream. What level of dilution will be required for each, in orderto reach an acceptable pH value? Will dilution be able to deal withthe problem at hand?

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