BCH210H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Glycophorin, Lone Pair, Reducing Sugar
BCH210H1 Full Course Notes
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| Name of Macronutrient | Subtypes of Macronutrient (Weâve listed the names to provide a framework, but explain what each means) | Food Sources (list food sources broken down by subtype of macronutrient) | Major Functions (make sure to explain each) | Recommended Intake (for you â include your demographic) | Related Health Concerns (be specific regarding how the macronutrient contributes to this health problem) |
| Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides Sweet, colorless, crystalline structure which contain one (mono) molecule of sugar (saccharide), with the basic CnH2nOn makeup: are the glucose and Fructose âGalactose; Sucrose, maltose and lactose Polysaccharides is a monosaccharaides bonded togehte (wikibooks). Which are simple? Monosaccharides Which are complex? Polysaccharides Both Monosacharides and Polysaccharides can be good healthy diet( wikkibooks). | Monosaccharides: glucose is found on some fruits, vegetable and honey; fructose is found in fruits, honey and corn syrup ( wikkibook) Polyasacchariders Starch (cereal grains such as wheat, oats, barley, corn rice and their products; cellulose which acts as a dietary fiber(soluble â barley-oats,rye) insoluble fiber whole grains ready to eat cereals and others) and glycogen â a storage form of glucose in the liver and muscle ( Non digestable dietary â cellulose â whole grains- green leatu vegetable; pectin- fruits, carrots, sweet potatoes. Exemple of digestable food â shellfish, animal liver.(nutrient.review,n.d) | |||
| Proteins | Essential amino acids Nonessential amino acids | ||||
| Lipids | Triglycerides Phospholipids Sterols |
Charts and tables are tools we use in science to break down information analytically and present data in an organized manner. It is a beneficial strategy for learning about and organizing scientific material, which we will be using often in this class. Make sure that you are detailed, thorough, and specific in your responses. Explain yourself clearly. Do not list a word or brief phrase without explaining what it means. For example, if you list diabetes for carbohydrates, make sure you explain how carbs are associated with diabetes. Don't leave the reader to make that connection for you. Also, make sure you provide APA-style references for each of your so
Based on âMorgan: A case of Diabetesâ by Lisa Rubin and Clyde Freeman Herreid (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)
The Patient:
Morgan Water is a 27-year old Native American that lives on a reservation in Oklahoma. Nearly ¼ of Morganâs tribe has diabetes but she has no direct family history of diabetes, heart disease, or other serious conditions. She is however obese (BMI = 32) and leads a sedentary lifestyle. Morgan has been suffering from an increasing persistence of symptoms including unusual thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, and numbness in her right foot. The symptoms have been developing over several months but as she is planning her wedding she attributed them to nerves. She is finally persuaded to see her family doctor. Her non-fasting blood glucose level was elevated so the doctor has her return the next morning for a fasting blood sample so they could more accurately measure her blood glucose and insulin. Her blood results are below:
| Test | Morganâs values | Normal range | Pre-Diabetic range | Diabetic range |
| Plasma glucose, mg/dl | 260 | 70 -139 | 140 - 199 | ⥠200 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 140 | ⤠99 | 100 - 125 | ⥠126 |
| A1C, % | 7.6 | ~ 5 | 5.7 â 6.4 | ⥠6.5 |
| Fasting Insulin, mIU/ml | 34 | 2 - 10 | 10 - 20 | ⥠20 |
The recommendation of Morganâs doctor was to improve her exercise, good nutrition, and weight loss. He recommends meeting with a nutritionist to assist Morgan in her weight loss goals. When Morgan got home and told her family the diagnosis they however had LOTS of suggestions on how she can lose weight. Below is a description of the advice given to her by three family members.
Best friend Savannah:
âYou know how Iâve been losing weight? Well, Iâve been on the Atkinsâ Diet. I heard about it on TV. Itâs great! You get to eat steak, chicken wings, and all the good stuff. All you have to do is limit carbohydrate intake. You should definitely give it a try. This diet has been around for years and it has worked for lots of people, including me.â
*Note: Atkinâs Diet recommends: 10% carbohydrates, 55% fats, 35% protein
Brother Alan:
âI think the best thing for you to do is exercise and stop eating all of that pizza and candy and food filled with fat. Our people never used to eat that junk. I say eat meals that are nutritionally balanced and high in fiber and low in refined sugars and saturated fats. And run a lot. Stop sitting around the house.â
Grandfather:
âMorgan, it is true that it is best to live in harmony and balance â to eat a nutritionally balanced diet that includes carbohydrates, proteins, and âgoodâ fats to meet your bodyâs needs. That is good. But look to your heritage. Our people were never overweight before we started eating âcivilizedâ food. Look to our native diet. I think you should look to traditional herbal remedies for help. What Alan says is true. Exercise is good. But it is sometimes not enough. Our people have always looked to natural medicine for cures. They will lift your spirits and energize you. Then you will lose weight and you will be healthy again. I hear the herbs from the diet shop are safe and good. But you must take them like the medicine label says. It canât hurt to try them.â
*Note: these herbal supplements Morganâs grandfather is recommending contain the herb
ephedra (ephedrine).
Question 5:
Given Morganâs metabolic state, what is the primary fuel source for her cells currently?
A. Carbohydrates (glucose)
B. Fats
C. Proteins
D. It is a balance of all three
Question 6:
Metabolic ketoacidosis is a common problem with diabetics, which is caused by which of the following?
A. Excessive oxidation of fatty acids, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.
B. Excessive oxidation of glucose, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.
C. Excessive oxidation of proteins, leading to an accumulation of ammonia in the blood.
D. Hyperglycemia.
Question 7:
Which weight loss suggestion is designed to achieve some level of ketosis?
A. Atkins Diet
B. Exercise
C. High fiber diet
D. Herbal treatments
Question 8:
One major side effect of the herbal supplement can be hot flashes and increased perspiration due to increased thermogenesis, what is the likely cause of the heat production?
A. Increasing the activity of phosphfructokinase-1.
B. Increasing the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
C. Increasing the activity of citrate synthase.
D. Increasing the activity of uncoupling proteins.
Question 9:
Would substituting fiber and complex carbohydrates (larger % cellulose) for the simple sugars and starches (high sucrose and amylose/amylopectin) help Morgan lose weight, why?
A. Yes, because complex carbohydrates like cellulose are largely indigestible so they pass through
the digestive tract without being absorbed.
B. Yes, cellulose contains less glucose residues than amylose or amylopectin.
C. Yes, because the fructose in sucrose is much more responsible for weight gain than the glucose.
D. No, because cellulose, amylose, and amylopectin are all composed of glucose so it doesnât
matter.
Question 10:
Which weight loss suggestion will lead to an increased need for gluconeogenesis?
A. Atkins Diet
B. Exercise
C. High fiber diet
D. Herbal treatments