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BIO220H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Subtypes Of Hiv, Horizontal Gene Transfer, Pesticide Resistance

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pinkworm736
28 Oct 2012
School
UTSG
Department
Biology
Course
BIO220H1
Professor
Doug Thomson

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BIO220H1 Full Course Notes
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BIO220H1 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary

Drug favours malarial variants to are resistance to the drug. When we use these drugs we are doing a selection experiment on the pathogen. Prevent larva pupilation target the adult stage if you keep spraying mosquitoes, eventually they will evolve resistance. Eventually pesticide will favour an insecticide resistant mosquito they are unaffected but everyone else is not, and unaffected group replicates while others do not. Antibiotics are favouring bacterial genotypes that are not susceptible. Tuberculosis: recently in india, resistant strains of tuberculosis have developed, has a lot to do with better housing and sanitation. Sometimes bacteria sometimes do not reproduce completely asexually. Donor give a replicate of plasmid to individual without a plasmid resistance. Resistance is transferred from good bacteria to bad bacteria accidentally. Hiv the evolution of resistance through new mutation. Hiv is a virus viruses cannot replicate, they take over the machinery of their host. Host dna"s replication machinery starts to produce mrna.

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Related Questions

For many years, antibiotics have been effectively used to treatbacterial disease; and pesticides have been used to protect ouragricultural crops from many kinds of pests, including insects,worms (nematodes), fungi, or agricultural weeds, for example.



A growing concern for treating bacterial diseases or pest outbreaksis the evolution of antibiotic or pesticide resistance by bacterialor pest populations. Resistance means that a particular antibioticis no longer effective in treating a disease, or that a particularpesticide will no longer prevent crop damage. This resistance canbe viewed as evolution of a new trait at the population level,which is resistance to an antibiotic or to a pesticide. In thisassignment, you will explore specific examples of antibiotic orpesticide resistance.



Assignment details:



After reading materials about evolution and about antibiotic andpesticide resistance in the text, the Course Materials, the AIUOnline Library and / or the Internet, answer the following.



1.Select and describe one example of antibiotic resistance orpesticide resistance. Be specific in your choice.

◦Describe the background for your choice of resistance. Includedetails about the disease or pest and the established controlstrategies. How have we used antibiotics (to treat a particulardisease), or pesticides (to protect from a pest); and how has thischanged?

2.Explain how the resistant trait evolved based on principles ofnatural selection and evolution of a trait at the populationlevel.

3.For your specific example, what are the consequences ofresistance in terms of human health or crop loss / damage?

4.What steps can be taken to prevent or slow down the evolution ofantibiotic or pesticide resistance? Do you think we will succeed indoing so? Why or why not?

For Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Please provide the following:

Specify drugs used:

Describe the microbe's resistance to treatment (including resistance to antibiotics):

Cure Rates

What are the virulence factors?

18. Health care professionals are concerned over the rise in antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Exposure to antibiotics presents a selective environment that favors the evolution of resistance in bacteria. Which lines of evidence suggest that antibiotic resistance evolved a long time ago in bacteria (pre-dating the use of antibiotics by humans)? How and why has antibiotic resistance evolved in bacteria prior to exposure to antibiotic use by humans? What role does exposure to modern antibiotics play in the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes and mechanisms? Based upon the study by Baym et al. 2016, how does the evolution of antibiotic resistance in different bacterial strains inform drug discovery and better design of antibiotics and antimicrobials for human pathogens?