BIO230H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Notch Signaling Pathway, Small Gtpase, Cell Signaling

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19 Dec 2013

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In addition to multicellular orgnaisms there are uni cellular orgnaisms on earht long time before we were, there were single celled organimss. The singalling for them to establish took long, this is one idea. Quorum sensing in bacteria: bacteria can release chemicals into the environment and response to them. Bacterial processes , they can produce antibiotics, form spores, can undergo sexual conjugation and so on. We can go one step up and look at unicellular eukaryotes, yeast. Signaling is required to undergo yerast to mating. Shape changes but happen foe mating to happen. One level in structural complexitiy: dictosyllium, single cells, (in the blow up), they live in soil. Crawl around and eats bacteria - similar to how immune cells hunts down and eats bacteria. When they run out of food they signal each other and the single cells aggregate together to the multicellular sdtructure. The mound in the middle forms a frutingbody or mushroom .

Related Questions

1. How does sexual reproduction compare to DNA transfers inprokaryotes?
I. Both increase genetic diversity.
II. Sexual reproduction results in greater evolutionarychange.
III. DNA transfer in prokaryotes allows for fewer errors andmutations.

a. I only

b. I and II

c. I and III

d. I, II, and III

2. What type of receptor is described in the followingparagraph?

Binding of a signaling molecule to this type of receptor uses anenzyme to remove a phosphate group from an ATP molecule to activateanother receptor. The activated receptor can be recognized by relayproteins inside the cell, which bind to the receptor and changeshape. These activated proteins then trigger a transduction pathwaythat leads to some sort of cellular response.

a. intracellular receptor

b. ligand-gated ion channel

c. g protein-coupled receptor

d. receptor tyrosine kinase

3. Yeast cells, plant cells, and mammal cells all share manysimilarities in cell signaling. This provides evidence that

a. cell-signaling mechanisms are only found in organisms that usemethods of sexual reproduction

b. intercellular communication evolved as a way for multicellularorganisms to coordinate cell functions

c. eukaryotic cells use signal transduction pathways whileprokaryotic cells use a more primitive form of signaling

d. signal transduction pathways appeared in cells before theevolution of multicellular organisms

limehornet465

1. Which cellular processes occur as a consequence of differential control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells?

a) Cell Differentiation

b) Differential Translation

c) Differential Polymerization

d) Differential DNA Replication

e) Differential tRNA Degradation

2) Multicellular organisms are comprised of a variety of cells with different morphologies and different functions. Which is the underlying mechanism that leads to the generation of diverse cell in one organism?

a) The expression of all genes in all cell types.

b) The duplication of the genome in certain cell types.

c) The elimination of specific group of genes from different cell types.

d) The differential expression of particular sets of genes required for a particular cellular phenotype

e) All of the above

3) Which of these statements defines paracrine cell signaling?

a)		A messenger molecule released into the blood stream to bind to a receptor on a cell far away from the release site.
b)		A messenger molecule released by a cell into the extracellular space that binds to receptors on the surface of the same cell.
c)		A messenger molecules released by a cell into the extracellular space that travels short distances to bind to a receptor in a nearby cell.
d)		A messenger molecule release by a tissue into the lumen of an organ that diffuse to bind to receptors far away from the release site.
e)		All of the above.

4) Which effect has the binding of the ligand to a G-protein coupled receptor on intracellular G-protein?

a)		ATP is hydrolyzed, activating phosphorylation
b)		GTP is exchanged for GDP on the G protein, inactivating the G protein
c)		GDP is exchanged for GTP on the G protein, activating the G protein
d)		GMP is released from the G-protein, inactivating the receptor
e)		None of the above

coffeehippopotamus191

Cell Biology (#1-5)

1) What does a non-synonymous DNA mutation cause?

a) No amino acid change

b) A change in the reading frame of the mRNA

c) The substitution of an amino acid

d) Creates a premature termination codon

e) All of the above

2) What does a non-sense DNA mutation cause?

a) No amino acid change b) Alters the normal reading frame of the mRNA

c) The substitution of an amino acid

d) Creates a premature termination codon

e) All of the above

3) If you sequence the genome of 100 cells from different tissues of the same multicellular organism. How do you expect the sequences to be?

a) 10% identical c)100% identical

b) 50% identical d) 100% different e) will depend on the tissue selected

4) Multicellular organisms are comprised of a variety of cells with different morphologies and different functions. Which is the underlying mechanism that leads to the generation of diverse cell in one organism?

a) The expression of all genes in all cell types

b) The duplication of the genome in certain cell types

c) The elimination of specific group of genes from different cell types

d) The differential expression of particular sets of genes requires for a particular cellular phenotype

e) All of the above

5)You are growing bacteria which can use lactose and glucose. The culture medium has lactose, which induces transcription of the enzymes required to use lactose. If you add glucose to the medium. What do you expect to happen?

a) The bacteria will keep using lactose

b) The bacteria will shut down the Lac operon and use glucose

c) The bacteria will stop growing

d) The bacteria will die

e) The bacteria will use both lactose and glucose

salmoneagle868

BIO230H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Notch Signaling Pathway, Small Gtpase, Cell Signaling

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