ECO101H1 Lecture Notes - Marginal Revenue, Natural Monopoly, Price Discrimination

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Topic 9 monopoly (week night nov 10th - nov 15th) Outline: definition, mr < p (dd, profit-maximizing output & price, contrived scarcity : when competitive industry is monopolized, price discrimination, why is monopoly bad, natural monopoly & regulation of a natural monopoly. - single seller of product with no close substitutes; - e. g. post office (legal monopoly on first class mail); patents. - in monopoly, marginal revenue is always smaller than price. Because monopolists face a downward-sloping demand unlike perfectly competitive firms face horizontal demand. The output effect: more output is sold, so q is higher; The price effect: the price falls, so p is lower. Firms face a horizontal demand curve, and the firm is able to sell any quantity it likes in a constant price. Thus there is no price effect on individual firms in perfect competition. which is always smaller than simply p1.

Related Questions

If a monopolist or a perfectly competitive firm is producing at a break-even point, then:
i. average revenue is equal to average variable cost
ii. average revenue is equal to average total cost
iii. total revenue is equal to total variable cost
iv. total revenue is equal to total cost

iii

i and iii

ii and iv

A natural monopoly, such as a local electricity provider, is the result of:
i. a firm owning or controlling a key input used in the production process
ii. economies of scale existing over a wide range of output
iii. long-run average total costs declining continuously as output increases
iv. long-run total costs declining continuously as output increases

What do economies of scale, the exclusive ownership of essential raw materials used in the production process, and patents have in common?

they are all barriers to entry

they all help explain why a monopolists demand and marginal revenue curves are identical

they must all be present before a monopolist may practice price discrimination

they all help explain why a firms short run average total cost curve is U-shaped

#10

The principle that a firm should produce up to the point where the marginal revenue (MR) from the sale of an extra unit of output is equal to the marginal cost (MC) of producing the extra unit applies:

to both perfectly competitive firms and monopolies

only to monopolies

only to perfectly competitive firms

only to firms that can employ discriminatory pricing strategies

#11

A monopoly is producing a level of output such that marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. The firm is selling its output at a price of $8 per unit and is incurring average variable costs of $5 per unit and average total costs of $10 per unit. Given this information, it may be concluded that the firm:

is operating at maximum total profit

is operating at a loss that could be reduced by shutting down

is operating at a profit that could be increased by producing more output

is operating at a loss that is less than the loss incurred by shutting down

#12

Suppose the demand function for a profit maximizing monopolists good is P = 120 - 0.2Q, its total cost function is TC = 40 + 4Q + Q2, and its marginal cost function is MC = 4 + 2Q. If the firm uses a uniform pricing strategy, then rounded to the nearest unit of output and to the nearest dollar the firm will:

produce 48 units of output, charge a price of $110, and earn a total profit of $5280

produce 48 units of output, charge a price of $110, and earn a total profit of $2744

produce 52 units of output, charge a price of $134, and earn a total profit of $5322

produce 52 units of output, charge a price of $134, and earn a total profit of $4016

magentabuffalo597

Managers of a monopoly under rate of return regulation have an incentive to

a. underestimate the firm's costs.

b. exaggerate the firm's costs.

c. minimize the monopoly's deadweight loss.

d. exaggerate the firm's profit.

e. earn zero economic profit.

Which of the following is correct?
i. All linear demand curves have a constant slope and a constant price elasticity of demand.
ii. The price elasticity of demand changes while moving along a downward-sloping linear demand curve.
iii. The magnitude of the slope of all linear demand curves is equal to the price elasticity of demand.

a. iii only.

b. ii only.

c. i, ii, and iii.

d. i only.

e. i and ii.

________ natural monopolies is a commonly used, potential solution to the problems presented by natural monopolies.

a. Giving incentives to firms to become

b. Regulating

c. Breaking up firms that are

d. Outlawing price discrimination by

e. Refusing to grant patents to

In the short run, a perfectly competitive firm

a. must suffer an economic loss.

b. must earn an economic profit.

c. might make an economic profit, incur an economic loss, or make a normal profit.

d. must make either an economic profit or a normal profit.

e. must earn a normal profit.

To determine if a market is an oligopoly, we need to determine if

a. cartels are legal in their market.

b. the firms are so few that they recognize their mutual interdependencies.

c. the firms make identical or differentiated products.

d. there are many firms in the market.

e. the market's HHI is less than 900.

Increasing marginal returns to labor

a. occur only when there are increasing marginal returns to capital.

b. are the result of specialization and division of labor in the production process.

c. describe the portion of a total product curve where the marginal product is negative.

d. mean that two workers produce less than twice the output of one worker.

e. occur when a particularly efficient worker is employed.

The return to entrepreneurship, which is what the firm's owner could earn running another business, is known as

a. entrepreneur's profit.

b. economic profit.

c. excessive profit.

d. accounting profit.

normal profit.

Both price supports and a price floor can

a. decrease the price below the equilibrium price.

b. increase consumer surplus.

c. create a deadweight loss.

d. decrease output below the equilibrium quantity.

e. have no effect on producer surplus.

In economics, cost is ________, and benefit is ________.

a. the amount of money that you pay for something; the amount of money that someone else is willing to pay you
b. what you must give up to get something; what you are willing to give up to get it
c. the amount of money that you pay on the margin; the amount of money that you receive on the margin
d. what you are willing to give up to get it; what you must give up to get something
e. what you are willing to pay on the margin; what the government pays you when you are unemployed or retired

If a substitute good is easy to find, then demand for a good is

a. unit elastic.

b. perfectly inelastic.

c. elastic.

d. inelastic.

e. Substitutes don't have any effect on elasticity.

ECO101H1 Lecture Notes - Marginal Revenue, Natural Monopoly, Price Discrimination

ECO101H1 Full Course Notes

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