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ECO102H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Bank Reserves, Reserve Requirement, Excess Reserves

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School
UTSG
Department
Economics
Course
ECO102H1
Professor
James Pesando

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ECO102H1 Full Course Notes
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ECO102H1 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary

2. 2 multiple deposit creation: demand for money, bond prices fall as interest rate rises. 6. 2 multiplier effect of open market operations: monetary policy in ad-as model. Treatment of banking and monetary policy: text: much institutional detail, lectures: focus (only) on basics, students: responsible only for basics (as in assignment 12) Banking system: central bank (bank of canada) Uses control of money supply and interest rates to influence aggregate demand [monetary: commercial banks. The outlook for the global economy has continued to deteriorate the nature of the u. s. recession is particularly challenging for canada. : purpose. Transmission mechanism : overview: central bank [canada] alters the money supply and the interest rate. Note: commercial banks play a key role, via multiple deposit creation: a lower interest rate increases ad, domestic channel. Increases real investment spending by firms [i] and expenditures on durable goods such as automobiles by household [c]

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Related Questions

1.Ā  The Federal Funds Rate is set by the Federal Reserve on the first business day of each month by faxing the rate to the member banks of each Federal Reserve District.

A. True

B. False

Ā 

2. The Federal Reserve is a single Central bank located on Wall Street in New York City.

A. True

B. False

Ā 

3. Which of the following is NOT true about the Federal Reserve System?

A. Terms of service of the members of the Board of Governors are longer than the number of years that a two-term President of the United States would serve.

B. The Federal Reserve System is the nation's central bank and is comprised of 12 Federal Reserve Banks that serve as bankers' banks.

C. Some of the main functions of the Federal Reserve System include the authority to control the money supply, to issue currency, to set reserve requirements, and to hold reserves.

D. While Congress controls the actions of the Federal Reserve, the President has the authority to appoint and remove private banks from the Federal Reserve System.

Ā 

4. Which of the following is NOT true about restrictive monetary policy?

A. A restrictive monetary policy seeks to raise the federal funds rate.

B. A restrictive monetary policy seeks to expand the money supply.

C. A restrictive monetary policy seeks to raise the Federal Funds Rate by selling government bonds or raising the reserve requirement ratio or increasing the discount rate.

D. A restrictive monetary policy is used when the government is concerned about suddenly increasing inflation.

Ā 

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true about contractionary fiscal policy?

A. Contractionary fiscal policy consists of reductions in government spending or increases in taxes.

B. Contractionary fiscal policy can include both reductions in government spending or increases in taxes.

C. Contractionary fiscal policy seeks to shift the Aggregate Demand curve to the right.

D. Contractionary fiscal policy is used when the government seeks to reduce suddenly surging inflation.

Ā 

6. The Federal Reserve creates money by printing the amount of desired new money and distributing it via armored trucks and high-security railways to Federal Reserve District Banks.

A. True

B. False

Ā 

7. If the Fed feared a looming recession was just around the corner, which of the following actions would it "NOT" consider?

A. The Fed would raise the discount rate.

B. In order to influence prevailing commercial interest rates to fall, the Fed would buy large amounts of government securities.

C. In order to expand the money supply (which influences prevailing commercial interest rates to fall), the Fed would either buy large volumes of government bonds, lower the reserve requirement or cut the discount rate.

D. The Fed would seek to expand the money supply because, in so doing, the federal funds rate would fall and that would stimulate commercial interest rates to fall.

Ā 

8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the ability of the Federal Reserve System to expand the money supply?

A. The Federal Reserve System uses the fractional nature of the banking system to create money in order to expand the money supply.

B. The money multiplier defines the relationship between new excess reserves throughout the banking system and the creation of money by banks in the system. It is calculated by dividing the number 1 by the Required Reserve Ratio. [1/rr].

C. If the required reserve ratio is 20%, then $80 billion in new excess reserves will create $400 billion in bank system lending throughout the entire banking system.

D. If the reserve requirement is 100%, then the banks can generate 100% in new excess reserves.

Ā 

9. Which of the following is NOT true about the tools of monetary policy?

A. The Fed can alter the money supply through open market operations, changes in the reserve ratio or adjustments to the discount rate.

B. Lowering the reserve ratio would expand the money supply.

C. Raising the discount rate would restrict the money supply.

D. Adjusting the reserve requirement is the most important day-to-day method for controlling the nation's money supply.

Ā 

10.Ā If the Federal Reserve wishes to hold off a feared recession, it will sell large volumes of government bonds.

A. True

B. False

Multiple Choice

1. Assume that the money multiplier equals 2.5 and if the Fed purchases $10 million in bonds from a bank, the monetary supply will:

  1. Increase by $10 million.
  2. Increase by $25 million.
  3. Decrease by $10 million.
  4. Decrease by $25 million.

2. The monetary base is defined as:

  1. all currency in circulation.
  2. checkable deposits at depository institutions.
  3. excess reserves in the banking system.
  4. currency plus total banking reserves.

3. Which of the following means of financing federal government spending will increase the monetary base?

  1. raising the corporate income tax.
  2. raising the personal income tax.
  3. selling bonds to the public.
  4. selling bonds to the Fed.

Short Answer

1. Assume the Federal Reserve Board is undertaking an expansionarymonetary policy. Explain the details of how the expansionary Fed impacts each of the following:

  1. Open market operations - how does the Fed use open market operations for an expansionary monetary policy?
  2. The monetary base.
  3. Money Supply.
  4. Fed funds interest rate.
  5. Long-term interest rates.
  6. Business Investment.
  7. Aggregate demand.
  8. Economic growth.
  9. Unemployment rate.

2. Under certain circumstances, expansionary Fed policy may not have much of an effect on the rate of economic growth. Give a reason why, and explain?

3. Regarding the Asian currency crisis, answer the following questions:

  1. Describe the normal reasons why a currency undergoes a significant depreciation and what were the important characteristics of the Asian countries involved in the crisis?
  2. What are some expected domestic economic consequences of the currency crisis for the countries involved? Focus on:
    • import prices of goods and services into the Asian country.
    • export prices of goods and services from the Asian country.
    • Domestic inflation rates.
  3. Assume that the countries involved undertake a tight monetary policy and raise interest rates in response to the crisis. What are the two primary reasons for raising interest rates in their case?
  4. Given high domestic interest rates, what is the economic outlook for these Asian countries in the next few years?

1. Is opportunity cost always present?


2. What is the problem at the heart of economics?


3. What is included in GDP and what is excluded?


4. If the consumer price index increases, how does this impact the average citizen?


5. What is the business cycle?


6. What is the relationship among the potential output level of the economy, the natural rate of unemployment, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and frictional unemployment?


7. What did Keynesians believe about investment and the adjustment of wage rates?


8. What did pre-Keynesian believe about the market and its ability to pull itself out of a recession?


9. What role do investments in human capital, physical capital, technology development, and improving institutional quality play in creating economic growth?


10. How does a fractional reserve banking system work and what is the relationship between the money multiplier and the reserve requirement?


Wh What is fiscal policy?

12. What are the relations between government spending, the marginal propensity to consume, the marginal propensity to save, and the multiplier effect?

13. What are some of the problems with using fiscal policy in an effective manner?

14. What role did the Great Depression play in changing the government%u2019s approach to the economy?

15. What is stagflation and how did it challenge Keynesian orthodoxy?

16. What is supply side economics and how does it function?

17. What is the crowding out effect?

18. What is the new classical approach to the stimulatory impact of fiscal policy implemented through deficit spending?

19. What role does the department of the Treasury play in the American economy?

20. What role does the Federal Reserve Banking system play in managing the American policy?

21. What are the tools that the Fed uses to influence the money supply?

22. What approach to the money supply do those embracing monetarism suggest?

23. What dangers does monetary policy pose for the economy?

24. How do shifting price levels impact debtors and savers?

25. Can you use aggregate demand/ aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of a tax cut?

26. Can you use aggregate demand/ aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of a tax increase?

27. Can you use aggregate demand/aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of an increase in government spending?

28. Can you use aggregate demand/aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of a cut in government spending?

29. Can you use aggregate demand/aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of an expansionary monetary policy?

30. Can you use aggregate demand/ aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of a restrictive monetary policy?

31. How do automatic stabilizers influence the economy?

32. How does a deficit and large debt influence the economy?

33. What is the relationship between the expansion of the money supply and inflation?

34. What is the relationship between interest rates and inflation rates?

35. How do expectations impact the effectiveness of monetary policy?

36. What restricts the ability of the Fed to purchase U.S. securities?

37. What is Money?

38. What is the primary motivation of bankers and banks?

39. What is the impact of higher interest rates on the value of a currency and a nation%u2019s net exports?

40. What is the Conference Board and what does it do?

41. Why do countries willing lend the U.S. government money despite the relatively large debt to GDP ratio of the United States?

42. How does trade contribute to growth?

43. How do institutions contribute to growth?

44. How does the relative size of government contribute to growth?

45. What is the Philips Curve?

46. How does the rule of 70 work?

47. Do High Income countries always grow at a faster pace than lesser developed countries?

48. How do high levels of inflation effect growth?

49. Can you identify the amount of growth in an economy by using the percentage change formula?

50. What countries are presently experiencing high rates of economic growth?



12.