HMB200H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Locus Coeruleus, Reticular Formation, Atony

74 views4 pages

coppercattle724

7 Feb 2012

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Suprachiasmatic nucleus = endogenous oscillator: many mono-amine transmitters, norepinephrine neurons in locus coeruleus (a6). Dorsal tegmentum of pons: mesopontine cholinergic neurons (ch5,6). Rem sleep: raphe serotonin neurons (b5,6). Midbrain, dorsal & median raphe: histamine neurons in posterior hypothalamus, orexin/hypocretin neurons in lateral hypothlamus, basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (ch1-4). Small surface-recording electrodes waves go thru scalp strap on chin hold caps to head to hold electrodes stable: any movements in head (ex. head, strong jaw, expression) can disrupt contaminate eeg. 200 v not mv; small, hard to record, found in 1930s. Eeg and sleep: waking: alpha (9-14, 10-12 hz, relaxed) & beta waves (15-40 hz), gamma (>40hz) Slow-wave sleep: slip from alpha to spindles (14 hz) Theta = 5-8hz by hippocampus & hippocampal input structure; deep brain, less important to surface pots: rem sleep: cortical arousal & muscular atonia. Fourier analysis tell how much energy in each of these ranges. Triggered in pontine reticular formation by ach & other signals.

Related Questions

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Adrenergic nerve endings release norepinephrine

b.	All of the options are TRUE

c.	The central nervous sytem is made up of the brain and spinal cord

d.	Both sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons release acetylcholine to cholinergic receptors.

e.	During neural secretion, calcium binds to vesicles and causes the vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synapse

Animal Physiology-

25. Where are Clarke's columns found within the cord?(a) cervical (b) thoracolumbar (c) pelvic

26. Do Clarke's columns contain motor neurons? yes or no

27. All autonomic pre-ganglionic neurons are: (a) adrenergic (b) cholinergic (c) glutamatergic

28. All parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are: (a) adrenergic (b) cholinergic (c) glutamatergic

29. The post-ganglionic motor neurons found in the paravertebral ganglion chains are: (a) adrenergic (b) cholinergic (c) glutamatergic

42. Neurosecretion from adrenergic autonomic motor neurons can induce different outcomes in differentlocations. This phenomenon can be explained in terms of the type of adrenergic receptor found on vascularsmooth muscle cells and the 2nd messenger pathway operative within. Which receptor enablesvasoconstriction?(a) alpha-adrenergic receptor (b) beta-adrenergic receptor

44. Blood flow into skeletal muscle increased during the case study. Did blood flow to the CNS change duringthe case study? yes or no

45. Heartbeat frequency increased during the case study. Was this initiated by the limbic system? yes or no

54. Blood flow through skeletal muscle increased during the case study. This was due to vasodilation ofarterioles, increased heartbeat frequency, and vasoconstriction of arterioles within the alimentary canal. Thesephenomena occurred in response to motor output from the CNS at the level of the: (a) cranial nerves (b) thoracolumbar cord (c) cranial nerves and thoracolumbar cord

55. Increased cardiac output depends upon two variables: stroke volume and heartbeat frequency. Increasedstroke volume results when the myocardium reacts to increased venous return. In contrast, heartbeatfrequency increases in response to increased sympathetic tone on pacemaker cells within the sinoatrial node. How does increased norepinephrine secretion affect pacemaker cells? (a) decreases the duration of the pacemaker potential (b) decreases the duration of the action potential (c) lowers threshold potential

copperant366

I know that some birds and marine animals can continuecomplicated activity (swimming, flying?) while one hemisphere oftheir brain is asleep.

I'm interested if human brain has some parts of it that can beasleep while others are awake? In other words, can a humanbrain be only partially asleep while experiencing insomnia orsimilar sleep disturbances?

If human brain can have different parts "sleeping" independentlyof each other, is it possible that the times to "fallasleep" vary between these different parts of thebrain?

I would appreciate research articles on the topic or just thenames of brain regions that may exhibit behavior describedabove.

I've taken a look at R&K "principles and practice of sleepmedicine"' and it mentions the following parts as involved insleep:

Medulla, preoptic area, hypothalamus, thalamus, entire neocortexinvolved in NREM.

Neurotransmitter systems: histaminergic, orexinergic,serotonergic, noradrinergic

Sleep factors: adenosine, interleukin-1 and other cytokines,prostaglandin D2, growth hormone releasing hormone, nitric oxide,all promote sleep in or around preoptic area.

This makes me hypothesize that drugs that modify the effects ofthese systems (ex- caffeine affecting adenosine) could result insleep- related disturbances in these systems, potentially causingthem to fall asleep later that usual. But I'm looking for more infoto fihre out if this is true

HMB200H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Locus Coeruleus, Reticular Formation, Atony

Document Summary

Get access

Related Questions