PCL302H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Pharmacodynamics, Dissociation Constant, Isoprenaline

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16 Sep 2016

School

UTSG

Department

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Course

PCL302H1

Professor

Jane Mitchell

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Since this equation is similar to the relationship between [dr] and kd, we can ask what the relationship is between ec50 and kd. Relationship between receptor occupancy (ec50) and agonist effects (kd) Two curves: (1) receptor occupancy (bound) vs. [drug] (2) effect vs. [drug] The two curves are superimposable; therefore linear relationships between the two. Ec50> kd; when multiple receptors must be occupied before an effect begins (takes longer to have effect) More drugs may be detected before seeing 50% of the max response (when. There will be a right-sided shift to the effect-[drug] curve, means more drugs detected; this difference in shifts considered as threshold effect, which happens after surpassing a qualitative limit. Ec50

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Question #3 Setup: You come across a small office building for sale with an asking price of $400,000. After careful analysis, you estimate that youâll receive $26,000 in cash flow from operations during the year (after all expenses) plus a 5.00% appreciation of the value of the property. For each part of this question, show your work with the help of a table. We strongly recommend you complete your calculations for this question in Excel (since you can reuse your work). To assist you with this, weâve published the Excel Template for calculating the Benefits and Risks of Financial Leverage from Lecture 7 below: Click Here to Download the Excel Template with the Example from ClassPreview the documentView in a new window Project Value $1,000,000 Cash Flow from Operations $80,000 Appreciation Rate 3.00% Appreciation $30,000 Profit Before Financing Expenses $110,000 Source of Capital Loan-to-Value 50% Loan Amount $500,000 Equity $500,000 Finacing Costs $30,000 Profit After Financing Expenses $80,000 To make your life easier, please review the information on copying and pasting tables from Excel into Canvas, please see Lecture 0.3: Working with Table and Equations in Canvas. As a reminder, to copy and paste tables from Excel into Canvas, please follow the steps below: Zoom out on your browser window to 100% or whichever size that will accommodate the table. Increase the size of your answer box, so the entire table will be visible to you. Copy your table from Excel and Paste into the Canvas Answer Box. Select All (CTRL A) and adjust the Font to size 8pt Add a Border Format the text to match the table you copied Finally, be sure to follow the guidelines for âShowing Your Workâ under Lecture 0.2: Completing Assignments in Canvas when you are asked to âshow your workâ in calculating Return on Assets or Return on Equity (show us the equation youâre using). 3(a). What is your projected Return-on-Assets for this investment? Use a table to show your financial analysis. In addition, show your work for calculating projected Return-on-Assets. 3(b). After talking with your lender, you find you can easily borrow 60% of the propertyâs purchase price. Interest and fees related to the loan will cost you $14,000 per year. What is your projected Return-on-Equity for this investment? Use a table to show your financial analysis. In addition, show your work for calculating projected Return-on-Equity. 3(c). Being a savvy investor, you want to find out what would happen if there is downturn in the market. In the event of a market downturn, you estimate the cash flow from operations generated by the property would be only $6,000 and you estimate the propertyâs value would decreases by 4.0%. What would the Return-on-Assets for this investment be in the event the market downturn above? Use a table to show your financial analysis. In addition, show your work for calculating Return-on-Assets 3(d). Under the same assumptions as Q3(c), what would the Return-on-Equity for this investment be? Use a table to show your financial analysis. In addition, show your work for calculating Return-on-Equity. 3(e). What does the relationship between ROA and ROE in the two cases above tell us about the effect of leverage on real estate investments?

Felder and Rousseau. "Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes". 4th Edition. Problem 4.66, parts A-F.

Methanol is formed from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the gas-phrase reaction;

CO + 2H₂ = CH₃OH

(A) (B) (C)

The mole fractions of the reactive species at equilibrium satisfy the relation

(y_C * 1) / (y_a * y_b^2 * P^2) = K_e(T)

Where P is the total pressure (atm) , K_e the reaction equilibrium constant (atm^-2), and T the Temperature (K). The equilibrium constant K_e= 10.5 at 373 K, and 2.316x10^-4 at 573 K. A semilog plot of K_e (logarithmic scale) versus 1 / T (rectangular scale) is approximately linear between T = 300 K and T = 600 K.

(a.) Derive a formula for k_e(T), and use it to show that K_e(450 K) = 0.0548 atm^-2.

(b.) write expressions for n_A, n_B, and n_C (gram-moles of each species), then y_A, y_B, and y_C, in terms of n_A0, n_B0, n_C0, and Îµ, the extent of reaction. Then derive an equation involving only n_A0, n_B0, n_C0, P, T, and Îµ_e, where Îµ_e is the extent of reaction at equilibrium.

(c.) Suppose you begin with equimolar quantities of CO and H₂, and no CH₃OH, and the reaction proceeds to equilibrium at 423 K and 2.00 atm. Calculate the molar composition of the product (y_A, y_B, and y_C) and the fractional conversion of CO.

(d.) The conversion of CO and H₂ can be enhanced by removing methanol from the reactor while leaving unreacted CO and H₂in the vessel. Review the equations you derived in solving Part (c.) and determine any physical constraints on Îµ_e associated with n_A0 = n_B0 = 1. Now suppose that 90% of the methanol is removed from the reactor as it is produced; in other words, only 10% of the methanol formed remains in the reactor. Estimate the fractional conversion of CO and the total gram moles of methanol produced in the modified operation.

(e.) Repeat Part (d.), but now assume that n_B0 = 2 mol. Explain the significant increase in fractional conversion of CO.

(f.) Write a set of equations for y_A, y_B, y_C, and Æ_A(The fractional conversion of CO) in terms of y_A0, y_B0, T, and P (The reactor temperature and pressure at equilibrium). Enter the equations in an equation-solving program. Check the program by running it for the conditions of Part (c.), then use it to determine the effects on Æ_A (increase, decrease, or no effect) of seperately increasing, (i) the fraction of CH₃OH in the feed, (ii) temperature, and (iii) pressure.

PCL302H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Pharmacodynamics, Dissociation Constant, Isoprenaline

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