PHL378H1 Lecture : Lecture 1- Realism and Pacifism Sept 10 2009?

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16 Aug 2010

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PHL378: War & Morality

Lecture #1: Realism and Pacifism

Sept, 10th, 2009

Ius ad Bellum (Resort to War)

! ius: right, ad: concerning, bellum: war

Ius in Bello (means of fighting war)

! just cause does not necessarily equal a just war

Realism

! no act in war is morally wrong

! moral concepts don't apply to war

! “all is fair in love and war”

! you cannot act wrongly in war and concepts of fairness does not apply

! this is a negative thesis

! positive thesis:

! in war time nations and individuals fighting for nations should look out only for themselves

! if that is the case there is no room for moral wrong/right

! better called scepticism/nihilism

! 2 views about nihilism (based on egoism)

! everyone should pursue their own self interest

! global nihilism about morality

! alls fair in love and war cause alls fair everywhere

! there is no morality

! specific nihilism about war

! moral concepts apply to other concepts in life but war is a special concept in which moral

concepts does not apply

! Walter pg. 3

“war is a world apart, here men and women do what they must do to ...... (special

nihilism)

! Lackey on subjective morality on pg. 2

! Walter on pg. 14 & 20

! moral judgements are universal & has no emotions attached to it

! “stealing is wrong” is a moral judgement and it does not depend on anyone's attitudes

! Lackey: between states there is no common ground of morality (right/wrong) and there is no

enforcement mechanism

! but there is not a common ground within society as well

! there does not need to be agreement between parties when making condemnations (think of

NAZI example)

! individual may have many interests/duties, but nations have only 1 interest/duty which is to

further the welfare/interest of the nation

! although nations have a duty to further its own interests, it is constrained by the rights of other

people (ie. you cannot kill people in other countries even if it will save people in your own

country)

! moral judgements does not apply to the side which did not initiate the war

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Document Summary

Ius ad bellum (resort to war) ius: right, ad: concerning, bellum: war. Ius in bello (means of fighting war) just cause does not necessarily equal a just war. no act in war is morally wrong. all is fair in love and war . you cannot act wrongly in war and concepts of fairness does not apply this is a negative thesis. positive thesis: in war time nations and individuals fighting for nations should look out only for themselves if that is the case there is no room for moral wrong/right. 2 views about nihilism (based on egoism) everyone should pursue their own self interest. alls fair in love and war cause alls fair everywhere there is no morality. moral concepts apply to other concepts in life but war is a special concept in which moral concepts does not apply.

Related Questions

Huygens' principle (first described by the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens in 1678) uses geometry to determine the shape of a wavefront at a time t, given some initial wavefront at an earlier time. This can be constructed by imagining that the initial wavefront is a source of wavelets that propagate from each point at the speed of light. From this principle, one can determine the angles of reflection and refraction by considering the speed of light at each point on the wavefront. In this problem, we will explore some of these concepts.

Part A

First, let's look at a plane wave that is incident on a flat piece of material with an index of refraction n. Part of the light is transmitted through the material and part of it is reflected. For the moment, let's just look at the part that is transmitted. At time t=0, the wavefront is a distance d away from the surface of the material. At time t=t₁, the wavefront is at the position of the material interface. Use the Huygens' principle to determine how far into the material (d') the wavefront has propagated by time t=2t₁.

Express your answer in terms of the variables n, t₁, and the speed of light in a vacuum c.

Note that there would be no change in the direction of the wavefront at any point because the wavefront encountered the material interface at the same time at all points. Thus, all of the individual wavefronts all propagated at the same speed, thereby maintaining the flat wavefront.

Now, instead of having a flat wavefront propagating normal to the material interface, we have a flat wavefront propagating toward the material at an angle of 55° to the axis perpendicular to the material interface. In this part, we will look at the relative positions of a few points—A, B, and C—on the wavefront to illustrate Huygens' principle. (Intro 1 figure) Point C touches the vacuum/material interface at time t=0 whereas point B is a distance d and point A is a distance 2d away from the interface.

Part B

What is the time t_B it will take for point B of the wavefront to encounter the vacuum/material interface?

Express your answer numerically to two decimal places in units of t₁ (the time it takes light to travel a distance d in a vacuum).

It should be noted that the accuracy of the method increases the smaller the distance is before making a new wavefront and redoing the wavelets. If you tried to just draw a large wavelet from point B, then it would hit the surface after only traveling a distance d. This large wavelet would make it difficult to visualize how to add up all of the other wavelets to make a coherent wavefront. As a result, one should just draw a line perpendicular to the wavefront at point B until it hits the surface, at which point the wavelets will change owing to the new index of refraction.

Part C

How far did point C go into the material interface in the time t=t_B that it took for point B to get to the interface? For this part we are looking for the distance traversed by the point C in the material (d_C).

Give your answer in terms of the time t_B, c, and n.

Part D

What is the new angle θ at which point C of the wavefront is propagating (relative to a line perpendicular to the vacuum/material interface)? Try to use the fact that you have a spherical wavefront propagating from t=0 at the point where C met the vacuum/material interface until time t_B when the wavefront at point B reached the interface.

Express your answer in terms of inverse trigonometric functions and n.

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PHL378H1 Lecture : Lecture 1- Realism and Pacifism Sept 10 2009?

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