PSY100H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Naturalistic Observation, Masters And Johnson, Kinsey Scale
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The hawthorne effect (1927 factory study: productivity increases when workers realized they were being observed. ) Importance of considering (plausible) alternatives & ruling them out. Role of theory: scientific theories typically explain the relationship between two or more variables, explanatory & predictive, hypotheses are based on larger theory. Scientific theories (hypotheses: theories must also be: Falsifiable it must be possible in principle to make an observation that would show the proposition to be false, even if that observation has not been made. Under certain circumstances, positive intergroup contact can reduce prejudice toward the outgroup: social comparison theory (festinger, 1954) When more objective measures are unavailable, people will their own abilities/qualities by comparing evaluate themselves to similar others. When we value ourselves, look at other people(cid:529)s skills in order not to make subjective evaluation. (i. e know class average after tests: social learning theory (bandura, 1977) People can learn by observing others, in the absence of explicit behavioural reproduction or reinforcement.
