PSY100H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Cerebellum, Bipedalism, Phineas Gage
The Neuron
Neurons: capable of neuroplasticity
-Brain can redesign its structure through synaptogenesis and neurogenesis
Synaptogenesis: add/ destroy synaptic connections
Alter # of connections between neurons, which alters their communication
Neurogenesis: generate new neurons (reservoir of stem cells that migrate
to area of cortex that is very active undergo specialization)
Neuropruning: loss of neurons, for more efficient cortex performance
-Brain = machine of machines that can make itself into a new kind of machine
Due to: epigenetics
-2 types of genes: structural (coding) and regulatory
-Regulatory genes: respond to environmental changes
Allows synaptogenesis and neurogenesis
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Neurons: often receive both excitatory and inhibitory neurons at the same time
-Cell body: takes info and integrates it
-Many patterns of firing possible due to combinations, and lock-and-key model
-Opponent processing!
ANS: uses opponent processing
(2 linked processes work in opposite directions/goals)
-Sympathetic nervous system: mobilize energy when in dangerous/stressful
situation
-Parasympathetic NS:relax and digest
Controls arounsal (energy expenditure)
Parasympathetic rebound: results in crying… (when it has been overworking to
counteract SNS activity due to stress/distress)
In the case of stress: overstimulating SNS, not put down by PSNS (constant stressors)
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1- Brainstem:
a) Medulla Oblongata: heartbeat, breathing, swallowing
b) Pons: help control arousal + works with cerebellum to control senses
c) Cerebellum: rhythm, timing, and balance
-Also involved in mental processes: timing, rhythm in thinking, problem-solving
and emotional balance
-Evolutionarily crucial!
-Coordinates communication between diff. parts of brain (mental coordination as
well as physical)
Prefrontal cortex:
-Phineas Gage: had his pre-frontal cortex pierced
-Prefrontal cortex: center of higher cognitive, reflective, rational processes,
morality, consciousness…?
Temporal lobe: hearing, aspects of understanding language, involved in memory
Occipital lobe: processing vision
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PSY100H1 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
Brain can redesign its structure through synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. Alter # of connections between neurons, which alters their communication. Neurogenesis: generate new neurons (reservoir of stem cells that migrate to area of cortex that is very active undergo specialization) Neuropruning: loss of neurons, for more efficient cortex performance. Brain = machine of machines that can make itself into a new kind of machine. 2 types of genes: structural (coding) and regulatory. Neurons: often receive both excitatory and inhibitory neurons at the same time. Cell body: takes info and integrates it. Many patterns of firing possible due to combinations, and lock-and-key model. Ans: uses opponent processing (2 linked processes work in opposite directions/goals) Sympathetic nervous system: mobilize energy when in dangerous/stressful situation. Parasympathetic rebound: results in crying (when it has been overworking to counteract sns activity due to stress/distress) In the case of stress: overstimulating sns, not put down by psns (constant stressors)
