Lecture 5: Intellectual Disability 02/08/2014
Intellectual Disability
Background
• Poorly understood historically: scorned and feared
• Early 1800’s: understood as involving intellectual and daily living handicaps
• In the late 18 century there were more humanitarian efforts to help individuals with intellectual
disabilities
• By the mid 19 century there were institutions for these kids
• John Landen Down in the last 19 century, classified intellectually disabled people into 3 etiological
groups:
1. Congenital
2. Accidental
3. Developmental
• William I. had a 10 categorical classification, and 9 of these categories of these categories were
concerned with medical conditions associated with mental retardation. The 10 category he called:
idiocy by deprivation
Definition
Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and
in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This disability
originates before age 18. (The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities AAIDD:
Schalock et al., 2010)
• The DSM5 has an elaboration on the idea of deficits in intellectual function and in adaptive functioning:
o Deficits in intellectual functioning such as reasoning, problem solving, planning,
abstract thinking, etc. confirmed by both clinical assessment and individualized standardized
intelligence testing
o Adaptive functioning deficits result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural
standards for personal independence and social responsibility. Without ongoing types of
support, the adaptive deficits limit functions one or more activities of daily life
o ***The disability originates within the developmental period ▯ they DON’T put an age on it!
• Professional nomenclature has been associated with stigmatization
o Goddard’s 1910 classification scheme: moron (mild range); imbecile (moderatesevere
range); idiot (profound range)
o ***Mental retardation (DSMIVTR) has been replaced by ID in DSM5
o Mental retardation refers to a condition WITIHIN the person (is internal) whereas ID refers
more to a state of functioning and not so much a condition. In this way, ID is LESS
stigmatizing! J
• AAIDD (established 1876) recently changed name from American Association on Mental
Retardation (2007)
o They support research related to ID, organize and do publicity and promotion and provide
support for families Lecture 5: Intellectual Disability 02/08/2014
o Change in terminology adopted into U.S. federal law in 2010: Rosa’s Law ▯ girl named
Rosa Marcelino who had Down Syndrome worked with her parents and siblings to have
the words “mentally retarded” from the health education codes in Maryland
• Intellectual functioning is assessed by standardized intelligence test such as the WISCIV.
Issues with IQ tests?
• Assumptions about stability of IQ scores ▯ e.g. if you are diagnosed with an ID at age 7 then than
IQ score that was used for the diagnosis is stable and remains constant through the developmental
spam. However, this is NOT true. Nevertheless, the scores tend to be more stable with individuals in the
LOWER end of the spectrum
• Validity of IQ tests?
o The predict school grades reasonably well. Particularly for individuals who score below
average
• Cultural and language issues
• Flynn effect: IQ test scores have been going up 3 points per decade since they were invented.
o People have speculated that it is due to better nutrition, schooling, medical advancements,
etc.
o Kids games and electronic games have familiarized children with some of the tests => re
norming of IQ tests effects diagnostic cutoff scores
o When tests are renormed it becomes more difficult to get a higher score. They are
adjusted for the Flynn Effect.
o This can have consequences fro the children who are tested soon after the tests are re
normed. It may make them ineligible for certain programs.
• What does it mean to measure intelligence?
• IQ tests entwined with social and political issues since introduction in US ▯ the way IQ tests are
sometimes controversial
o E.g. Used to screen immigrants from southern Europe
o Used in support of eugenic (“good birth”) sterilization laws in many states
passed in Alberta (1927) and British Columbia (1933)
~3000 underwent sterilization in Alberta up to 1972
• Use of IQ tests in schools still controversial for admission for special education, gifted programs,
and a lot of parents dispute their use.
Adaptive behaviour: The degree to which individuals meet the standards of personal independence
and social responsibility for their age and social group.
• Assessed by standardized instruments: Vineland Adaptive Behavior ScalesII; Adaptive Behavior
Assessment System (ABAS)– Second Edition ▯ is well validated and faster to administer Lecture 5: Intellectual Disability 02/08/2014
Vineland Adaptive Behavior ScalesII
• Semistructured interview for caregivers
• 4 forms; 3 parent, interview or rating, 1 teacher
• Domains and Adaptive Behavior Composite (x=l00, σ=15)
• 4 or 5 domains each with 23 subdomains
1. Communication (Receptive, Expressive, Written)
o E.g. Around the age of 2 you will be looking at the child being able to use of sentence of 4
or more words
2. Daily Living Skills (Personal, Domestic, Community)
o E.g. You would expect a a 1215 year old to use a sharp knife to cut food
3. Socialization (Interpersonal, Play/Leisure, Coping Skills)
o E.g. A 710 year old should be able to make their own friends
4. Motor Skills (Fine, Gross)
o E.g. a 5 year od should be able to throw a ball
5. Maladaptive Behavior (optional: Externalizing, Internalizing, other) ▯ this domain is not
always present
o E.g. has temper tantrums
Prevalence
• IQ is statistically based on normal distribution: ~2.5%
• WHO: 3% of world population
o Canada: 0.4 – 0.9% (OuelletteKuntz, 2009)
• Males: females 1.6: 1.0
o Referral/identification artifact?
• Social gradient: mild form more common in lower SES groups
• A mild ID will tend to not be identified until early elementary years and sometimes even later. This
people can usually live well in within the community
• The moderate ID is usually identified in preschool. It applies to many people with Down Syndrome.
By the time they are adults they can adapt very well to the community and even perform certain jobs
• Severe & profound IDs are usually associated with organic causes. Severe ID is identified at a
young age and profound ID is identified at the beginning of pregnancy. Individuals with severe ID
require social assistance throughout their lives and those with profound ID are usually institutionalized
because they require very intensive care/
• ***Mild and moderate IDs account for 95% of the individuals identified!!!
American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) Lecture 5: Intellectual Disability 02/08/2014
• Advocates understanding of ID based on needed supports. They stress the interactions and the
supports that are needed. Instead of having 4 previous designation they have:
o Intermittent support: “as needed” basis, for example during crises
o Limited support: more consistent, for example employment training
o Extensive support: daily involvement in at least some environments
o Pervasive support: constant, high intensity, several settings
• An individual may require support in one or more
• The idea of multidimensionality encourages people involved with IDs to appreciate the social, biological
kinds of complexities that are associated with the condition
• There are various ways of grouping individuals with IDs
Etiological Groupings
• Mild ID (IQ 5069)
o 4562% unknown (idiopathic) etiology
o Is a very large proportion id individuals with ID
• Severe ID (IQ<50)
o ~80% known etiology (Ahuja et al., 2005)
• Twogroup hypothesis (see Table 9.4 – Risk Factors for ID)
o Cultural/familial intellectual disability ▯ NO clear cut causes but suspected causes include:
poverty, inadequate child care, poor nutrition, etc.
o Organic intellectual disability ▯ is congenital or neurobiological (chromosomal anomalies,
single gene effects, etc.)
Criticized for not capturing variability of distinct syndromes
This is more categorical type of assessment
Five major prenatal causes
1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (1)
2. Down Syndrome (2)
3. Fragile X syndrome (3)
4. PraderWilli syndrome
5. Angelman syndrome
– 1±2+3 = 33% of all identifiable causes Lecture 5: Intellectual Disability 02/08/2014
– *The first 3 account for 33% of all identifiable causes!
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
Prevalence
• 40,000 live births/year in US with FASD
o Some populations at increased risk (e.g. native communities)
• Annual cost estimate in Canada $5.3 billion
• This is a PREVENTABLE cause of ID!!!
• FASD NOT a diagnostic term
o Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ARND) proposed
Central nervous system damage must be demostarted + alcohol exposure to get
diagnosis
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
• ***Most severe form of FASD
• 1 to 3 per thousand (similar to Down syndrome)
• ***Leading cause of ID and developmental delay, and it is entirely preventable
• Widely used diagnostic systems broadly agree on:
1. Growth deficiency
2. Central nervous system deficiencies
3. Characteristic facial features
Physical characteristics
• Growth retardation (<10th percentile height or weight)
• Risk of joint anomalies and cardiac defects
• Characteristic cluster of minor facial anomalies ▯ 3 define FAS*
1. Small eyes
2. Smooth philtrum (area between the nose and the upper lip)
3. Thin upper lip Lecture 5: Intellectual Disability 02/08/2014
Neurological characteristics
• Reduced overall brain volume: but this is not unique to FASD
• Regional differences include corpus callosum and deep gray matter
• This study looked at prenatal exposure to alcohol (PEA), controls and FAS
o Red=max deformation
o FAS has deformation in a more specific region than PEA
o Red=left to right
o Green= anterior posterior
o Blue=superiorinferior
o FASD has very impoverished projections
o Here we are looking at the volumes of the thalamus and pallidus and the lipometer scores
(are sued to measure the dysmorphology of the filtrum)
o The severity of the lipometer readings is associated with reduced volumes in putamen,
thalamus and palladium
o It is more significant on the left but even on the right there are differences
o These results shoe that deep grey matter is affected in FAS
o The axonal tracts that pass by the corpus callosum are also affected Lecture 5: Intellectual Disability 02/08/2014
Range of Deficits
o Intellectual ability
o Executive function
o Visual attention
o Verbal and nonverbal learning
o Externalizing behavior ▯ a lot of problems acting out; ADHD
o Adaptive function
Relative Strengths
o Auditory attention
o Retention of verbal information
o Basic language functions ▯ language is intact but not higher order language
• Useful to compare FASD to other neurodevelopmental disorders to understand differences/similarities in
profiles
Down Syndrome
Prevalence
• Nondysjunction ▯ 21st pair of maternal chromosomes adhere during meiosis
• Trisomy 21 Lecture 5: Intellectual Disability 02/08/2014
• 1 per 1000 live births for mothers IQ
• Cognitive abilities correlate with grey matter density
Fragile X syndrome (FXS)
Prevalence
• 1 in 2500 males; 1 in 8000 females
• ***Most common cause of inherited ID
• Special education school samples may underestimate presence FXS
o
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