RLG100Y1 Lecture : January Notes.docx

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sapphirewasp325

16 Apr 2013

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The term originally formed by wilhelm marr to combat the jews from seeping into the german race. Marr thought of jews primarily in biological terms as a race not as a people who identified with a religion. Meant to replace the older term jew-hatred. Thus the jewish problem could not be solved from conversion. This is why he chose the term anti-semitism they were seen as posing a social problem. This social problem is not what marr identified, it was positive in the beginning positive solution to the jewish problem now the problem is anti-semitism. Anti-semitism is seen as a latent psychological attitude what is going on in the hearts of the people. The term today is used to chastise the people for their behavior. This term designates the jews but in terms of semantics it encompasses more of a group. Violence, discrimination, etc against jews not the question of what but what they have to do with each other.

Related Questions

Learn more about Social Security and Medicare reform (to improve financial strength of the programs) or solvency through Internet exploration. Find an article or resource related to one of these topics. Attach the article and write a brief summary (300-400 words) of what you found. Summarize the Article.

Our Standards:The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

U.S. Social Security reform: the clock is ticking

Clocks are seen during the performance "tck tck tck" by Global Campaign for Climate Action at the Barcelona Climate Change Talks, November 4, 2009. REUTERS/Albert Gea

CHICAGO (Reuters) - Can you count on your Social Security benefits when retirement rolls around?

Most Americans worry about this - partly due to the nonsense they hear from political opponents of Social Security and ill-informed media. You will hear that the program is bankrupt, its reserves are nothing but a bunch of IOUs, or that Social Security is a Ponzi scheme.

All of those claims are false, but there is one good reason for concern. Social Security faces a long-term financial imbalance that would force sharp benefit cuts in 2034 unless the government makes changes. The problem stems from falling fertility rates and labor force growth - which reduces collection of payroll taxes that fund the system - and also from the retirement of baby boomers, which increases benefit costs.

Absent reform, Social Security could continue to pay roughly 75 percent of promised benefits. The cuts would mean that the typical 65-year-old worker could expect Social Security to replace 27 percent of pre-retirement income, down from 36 percent today, according to the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.

No surprise, then, that only 37 percent of workers are âvery or somewhat confidentâ that Social Security will be able to maintain current benefit levels in the future, according to survey research by the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) - although confidence is much higher among older workers and retirees.

From a math standpoint, potential solutions to the problem are straightforward. The cuts can be avoided through increased revenue, benefit reductions or some combination of the two. But the politics are another matter.

Republicans are far from holding a unified position on the issue. For example, U.S. Representative Sam Johnson, a Texas Republican who chairs the House Ways and Means subcommittee on Social Security, has proposed legislation containing two significant benefit cuts: gradually raising full retirement ages to 69 by 2030, and using a less generous annual cost-of-living adjustment formula known as the chained CPI.

Meanwhile, President Donald Trump has so far held to his campaign promise of opposing cuts. He has suggested that economic growth will solve the problem by stimulating wage growth and payroll tax collections - a position most economists dismiss as unrealistic.

REPUBLICAN ENTHUSIASM LACKING

The last major Republican reform proposal dates back to the George W. Bush administration, which proposed shifting the program to personal savings accounts - an idea that aroused Republican passion but that went down in flames.

âThat was an idea that got people excited, but there hasnât been much enthusiasm for Social Security reform among Republicans since then,â said Andrew Biggs, resident scholar at the conservative American Enterprise Institute. Biggs worked on Social Security reform as an associate director of the White House National Economic Council.

Meanwhile, Democrats are in no mood to work with the Trump administration on anything that forces a compromise on their core values - and they have shifted significantly to the left on Social Security reform. Representative John Larson has introduced legislation that would not only restore trust fund balance but expand benefits. That is by far the best approach, since roughly half of all households have saved less than $25,000, according to EBRI. Larsonâs bill is cosponsored by more than 80 percent of the Democratic House caucus - more than any previous expansion bill.

The bill would increase benefits by 2 percent across the board, shift to a more generous annual cost-of-living adjustment that reflects spending by seniors and set a new minimum benefit at 25 percent above the poverty line. It also would cut taxes for millions of retirees by boosting significantly the threshold for taxation of benefits.

The plan raises revenue by gradually increasing the payroll tax rates that fund the program. The rate hikes would begin in 2019, and by 2042, workers and employers would pay 7.4 percent each, instead of the current 6.2 percent.

Larson, a Connecticut Democrat, also proposes changes to the payroll tax cap for very wealthy beneficiaries. Currently, payroll tax is collected only on wages up to $127,200; the plan would start collecting taxes again on wages above $400,000. That exempts more income than many earlier expansion plans, which either removed the cap entirely or resumed taxation at $250,000.

The payroll tax cap feature played an important role in boosting support for expansion legislation, according to Max Richtman, CEO of the National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare, a progressive advocacy group that supports the bill. âIt brought many of the more conservative Democratic legislators on board,â he said.

Of course, the Larson bill is going nowhere in the Republican-controlled Congress, so Social Security reform will not happen before the 2018 midterm elections at the earliest - and perhaps much later than that. But that does not mean beneficiaries should worry about draconian cuts in 2034.

Even if reform is not achieved by 2034, Biggs thinks the problem likely would be solved at the 11th hour through tax increases - simply because benefit cuts must be enacted and phased in over long periods to give beneficiaries time to adjust.

âIf they were going to do this by cutting benefits, it should have been enacted 20 years ago,â he said. âIf you want to do it by raising taxes you want to wait as long as possible, so that you get to the point where the only solution is to put more money into the program.â

But the uncertainty on Social Security policy will continue to undermine public confidence in the program - and that is worrying. Meanwhile, the clock is ticking.

There are sometimes conflicts within the same code, between the code and the __________ and between the code and a counselor's value system.

		Judgment
		Ethics
		Law
		Value

2 points

Question 2

Section A of the ACA Code of Ethics highlights important issues within the __________________________________.

		Privacy Act
		Confidentiality Act
		Professional's Responsibility
		Counseling relationship

2 points

Question 3

______________________ in a code sometimes lag behind the values of society and of professional associations.

		Laws
		Attitudes
		Values
		Beliefs

2 points

Question 4

Which section was added to the latest edition of the ACA Code of Ethics (2014)?

		Resolving Ethical Issues
		Advocacy and Social Justice
		Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
		Research and Publication

2 points

Question 5

Which of the following is not one of the ethical "hot spots" identified in this chapter?

		Gatekeeping
		Social and Cultural Issues
		Informed Consent
		Technology

2 points

Question 6

Which of the following is not a type of ethical decision-making model discussed in the text?

		Problem-solving model
		Advocacy model
		Social constructivist model
		Developmental model

2 points

Question 7

_______________ has to do with protecting the independences, self-determination and freedom of choice for client.

		Nonmaleficence
		Beneficence
		Justice
		Autonomy

2 points

Question 8

People who have this view of the world, see things in black and white, are very concrete, rigid, and authoritarian.

		Dualistic
		Modern
		Post-modern
		Flexible

2 points

Question 9

Which section of the ACA Ethical Code (2014) offers guidelines on how to report an ethical violation?

		Section B
		Section I
		Section E
		Section A

2 points

Question 10

.__________ is the responsibility under the law for a violation of federal or state criminal statute.

		Beneficence
		Nonmaleficence
		Civil liability
		Criminal liability

2 points

Question 11

To prove that they are following the best practices of their professions, counselors should:

		Know relevant laws
		Maintain good records
		Stay professional with clients
		All of the above.

2 points

Question 12

______________ is the most rigorous form of credentialing.

		Accreditation
		Licensure
		Certification
		Registration

2 points

Question 13

Theories help counselors and other helping professionals in the following way(s):

		conceptualizing clients' problems
		necessary to become a licensed psychotherapist
		offer specific techniques to apply
		both a and c

2 points

Question 14

What is a paradigm shift?

		A change like a universe.
		A change in the way information is perceived.
		A change in theory.
		A change in human nature.

2 points

Question 15

Do psychodynamic theories consider which of the following to be important in understanding a person's functioning?

		Child-rearing practices
		The unconscious and conscious
		Examining the past
		All of the above

2 points

Question 16

Sigmund Freud was trained as a:

		Physician
		Counselor
		Caseworker
		Social worker

2 points

Question 17

Freud believed that there are ____________ structures that make up personality.

		1
		2
		3
		4

2 points

Question 18

Freud, and later his daughter Anna Freud, identified a number of _______________ that help people to cope with anxiety.

		Defense skills
		Coping mechanisms
		Coping skills
		Defense mechanisms

2 points

Question 19

___________ believed that each of us has a unique psychological type which includes the attitudes of extraversion and introversion.

		Freud
		Rogers
		Jung
		Cattell

2 points

Question 20

_______________________ believed that every child was born with innate and unique capabilities and is inherently moving toard the future, not determined by the past.

		Adler
		Freud
		Rogers
		Jung

2 points

Question 21

Existential-humanistic approaches embrace a phenomenological perspective, stressing all but which of the following?

		The subjective reality of the client
		the role of the unconscious
		How the counselor uses his or her personal qualities in counseling
		the importance of consciousness and/or awareness

2 points

Question 22

Although Ludwig Binswanger is generally acknowledged as being the first existential therapist, who is seen as the person who popularized this approach through "logotherapy"?

		Irvin Yalom
		Carl Rogers
		Alfred Adler
		Viktor Frankl

2 points

Question 23

____________________ developed client-centered therapy.

		Carl Jung
		Viktor Frankl
		Carl Rogers
		Ludwig Binswanger

2 points

Question 24

Today, most Gestalt therapists believe that from birth, the individual is in a constant state of ______________ through a process of need identification and need-fulfillment.

		Self-regulation
		Self-actualization
		Existential crisis
		Emotional distress

2 points

Question 25

This therapy was developed by Albert Ellis during the 1950s.

		Psychodynamic therapy
		Behavioral therapy
		Cognitive therapy
		Rational emotive therapy

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