RLG100Y1 Lecture : Indic Religions

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sapphirewasp325

27 Dec 2011

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India present day, pakistan, nepal, sri lanka. 2 main traditions that form a tapestrty where the others emerge. 2700 bce. y discovered in 1926 when archaelogical excavations along the indus. River revealed the presence of an ancient civilization. Multiple story homes, drainage, a very advanced civilization. Very literate, y they found coinage and inscriptions. y active in trade. y the language has never been deciphered. y figurines which suggest that it was engaged in idol worship. y significance for animals. Animals represented in artwork and seals. y this might have been a culture that engaged in asceticism. y man sitting in yogic position figure and in art. Learn their language. y sanskrit y there is a great deal of affinity between sanskrit and languages of. The indians retained their language, scriptures, (vedas) the purity of their language and theory which europeans lost.

Related Questions

"Imperialism has been the most powerful force in world history over the last four or five centuries, carving up whole continents while oppressing indigenous peoples and obliterating entire civilizations." Defend or condemn the argument by giving examples of the interaction between Western industrial powers and traditional, non Western societies. Were these contacts essentially positive or negative? "

ultramarinechimpanzee415

1. If you were bitten by a dog, which of the following organisms could be found as a potential pathogen in the resulting wound?

a. Bartonella henselae

b. Afipia spp.

c. Capnocytophaga canimorsus

d. Capnocytophaga ochracae

2. Which of the following tests/characteristics will differentiate Pasteurella and Capnocytophaga?

a. Indole

b. Oxidase

c. Origin of infection

d. Both a and b

3. Your newly acquired kitten can potentially transmit all of the following organisms except

a. Bartonella henselae.

b. Capnocytophaga gingivalis.

c. Pasteurella multocida.

d. Afipia felis.

4. Bartonella spp. cause disease by infecting

a. red blood cells.

b. vascular endothelial cells.

c. the reticuloendothelial system.

d. all of the above.

e. a and b.

5. A homeless 33-year-old male presents to the emergency room with fever, splenomegaly, and bone and joint pain. As the patient changes into a hospital gown, the nurse gathers his clothing and notices the presence of lice. Given this history, which Bartonella species could be a potential causative agent?

a. B. quintana

b. B. henselae

c. B. bacilliformis

d. B. elizabethae

6. Which of the following individuals is most prone to infection with Bartonella henselae?

a. 28-year-old male, visiting the United States from Ecuador, presenting with acute fever and anemia

b. 7-year-old female, who was bitten by a feral kitten, presenting with swollen axillary lymph nodes

c. 20-year-old homeless male with persistent fever and bone, joint, and muscle pain

d. 37-year-old HIV-positive male with fever, chills, anorexia, weight loss. and large skin lesions

7. The human oral isolates of Capnocytophaga can be distinguished from the dog and cat oral isolates by being

a. oxidase positive and catalase positive.

b. oxidase positive and catalase negative.

c. oxidase negative and catalase positive.

d. oxidase negative and catalase negative.

8. Which of the following organisms is/are slow growing and require(s) a carbon dioxide-rich environment?

a. Pasteurella spp.

b. Bartonella spp.

c. Capnocytophaga spp.

d. a and c

e. b and c

9. A physician suspects his patient has an infection due to Bartonella spp. She calls the microbiology department for the specimen of choice for diagnosis. You advise her that the diagnosis is best made using

a. culture of blood.

b. culture of blood vessel tissue.

c. serum for IFA or EIA.

d. a and b.

10. A gram-negative coccobacillus that grows on sheep blood and chocolate agars but not MacConkey agar, is oxidase and catalase positive, and emits a musty odor will be

a. indole positive.

b. a swarming colony.

c. a yellow-orange pigmented colony.

d. normal oral flora of humans.

11. An oxidase and catalase positive, motile, fusiform gram-negative rod is isolated from a dog bite wound. Select the medium and atmosphere where it will grow.

a. sheep blood agar in ambient air.

b. chocolate agar in carbon dioxide.

c. MacConkey agar in carbon dixode.

d. a and b.

12. Which of the following organisms is slow growing and can take up to seven days to exhibit visible growth on subculture even in carbon dioxide?

a. Pasteurella multocida

b. Capnocytophaga canimorsus

c. Bartonella henselae

d. Both a and b

e. Both b and c

13. A 49-year-old male with AIDS presents with fever, sepsis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood cultures drawn demonstrate a fusiform gram-negative rod after five days of incubation. The organism grows on sheep blood and chocolate agars after 48 hours incubation in a carbon dioxide atmosphere. It proves to be oxidase and catalase positive. What information in the patient history could help correlate the source of this organism with its identification?

a. Recent travel history

b. History of alcoholism or homelessness

c. History of exposure to animals

d. Recent dental manipulation

14. A veterinarian presents with a purulent hand wound. The direct Gram stain reveals a gram-negative coccobacillus. On culture, the organism grows on sheep blood and chocolate agars in CO₂ but not on MacConkey agar. Which of the following profiles can be used to presumptively identify this organism?

a. A yellow, spreading colony that is oxidase and catalase positive and indole negative

b. A flat gray colony that is oxidase, catalase, and indole positive

c. A small, dry embedded colony that is oxidase, catalase, and indole negative

d. An orange spreading colony that is oxidase positive, catalase negative, and indole positive

15. A previously healthy 5-year-old female presents with swollen axillary lymph nodes and fever. The physician notes multiple scratches and papules on her hands and arms. The mother reveals they had adopted a new kitten about two weeks ago, and it had scratched the child numerous times. She said she cleaned and treated the scratches with hydrogen peroxide immediately after each occurrence. Using the information provided, this infectious disease state requires

a. No antibiotic therapy because the infection will resolve on its own

b. Confirmation using a biopsy and culture of the lymph nodes is required

c. Antibiotic therapy for adequate treatment

d. A culture of the kitten to determine the specific infective organism

lemonrabbit553

Investigation of Possible Bioterrorism-Related Activity

Patient History:

A 38-year-old woman who resided in the Northeast was admitted to the hospital with fever, myalgia, and weakness, which progressed over 3 days to respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. On day 22, after 3 weeks of intensive care, the patient was still febrile. Cultures of blood were negative.

Hospital personnel interviewed family members who reported no history of traditional risk factors for fever of unknown origin (e.g., relevant food, infected animal contact, or travel history). On day 24, the patient's family reported to hospital personnel that the patient's illness might have been caused by exposure to laboratory flasks and cultures kept in her apartment by her boyfriend. He was described as a foreign national studying biology, but recently he had returned to his country of citizenship. On day 25, the patient's family brought laboratory flasks, Petri dishes, and culture media to the hospital from the patient's apartment. Several contained an unidentified clear liquid. The patientâs unresponsiveness and the acknowledged potential for some bacterial species to be used as bioterrorist agents raised concerns among the infection control staff that this case might be associated with a bioterrorist event or unintentional exposure to contaminated materials in the patient's home. The hospital contacted local law enforcement, the Department of Public Health, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation about the unusual circumstances surrounding the case.

On day 30, under the authority of state communicable disease statutes and in cooperation with the local police department, fire department, and hazardous materials unit, NHDHHS personnel entered the patient's apartment to assess any possibility of an ongoing public health hazard. Remaining flasks were removed and cultured. After 48 hours, growth of a translucent, pinpoint, and smooth colony appeared on blood agar and chocolate agar.

Gram stain of the colonies revealed faintly staining Gram-negative rods that were catalase positive, oxidase positive, and rapidly urea positive. On day 33, the patient began to get better after extensive antibiotic therapy.

Early detection is essential to ensure a prompt response to a biological terrorist event. Local public health authorities must rely on clinicians to recognize and report suspicious or unusual presentations of disease. However, correlating suspicious cases originating from diverse locations or discerning an increase in common presentations above the normal baseline is difficult. As in this case, public health practitioners coordinating disease surveillance may be able to receive reports of rare diseases and to determine whether they are occurring at a higher than normal rate in a large surveillance area.

The CDC, in collaboration with local, state, and territorial health departments, is enhancing existing disease surveillance systems for specific diseases that are normally rare in the United States but thought to have a high potential for public health impact if used as biological terrorism agents. This is being accomplished by improving training of clinical, laboratory, and public health personnel in recognizing suspicious disease presentations and by expanding of existing, disease-specific surveillance infrastructure. In addition, surveillance is being improved for disease presentations, such as acute respiratory distress, hemorrhagic, or meningeal symptoms normally caused by common infectious agents, but that could indicate an increase in illnesses caused by a biological agent used in terrorism. Surveillance mechanisms to rapidly assess changes in rates of disease include monitoring of calls to local emergency medical systems, regularly reviewing emergency department discharge diagnoses, and linking infection control practitioner networks.

Assignment:

For this case study, write a 1-page report that describes the possible agent of bioterrorism along with pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. Include a brief discussion of sentinel labs and their role in recognizing potential episodes of bioterrorism.

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RLG100Y1 Lecture : Indic Religions

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