RLG100Y1 Lecture : Lecture notes on Hinduism-February 26th

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5 Aug 2010

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February 26

Hinduism

- theoretically speaking ± Hinduism = liberal (not defined by belief)

- Upanishads ± secret teaching

- Fundamentals of Hinduism are based on the Upanishads

2 ideas coming out of the Upanishads:

1) Atman ± unaffected by the physical self

2) Brahman ± ultimate reality (interconnectedness of all beings, contention that

all beings share the same foundation)

- Jain/Budd. Only interested in an audience interested in Moksha (celibacy,

monasticism)

- Hinduism ± talks in two levels (1. addresses those interested in Moksha; 2.

general public)

- NIVRTTI ± seeks more religious/spiritual answers (withdrawal) ± sramana

o one goal Æ Moksha (achieving lasting peace)

o How? ± the path that you follow depends on who you are as an individual;

o 3 major ways that lead to Moksha: (yoga ± path)

1. Jnana yoga ± ³WKHSDWKRINQRZOHGJHZLVGRP´

2. Karma yoga ± ³WKHSDWKRIDFWLRQ´± enthusiastic beings

3. Bhakti yoga - ³WKHSDWKRIGHYRWLRQZRUVKLS´± for those who are

emotional/moved by sentiment

1) Jnana yoga (the path of knowledge)

- achieving the correct understanding/attaining the correct wisdom leads to Moksha

(moves you along)

- knowledge: knowledge of the difference between the real and the unreal;

knowledge about ultimate reality

- Real: technical term with specific meaninJµWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQZKDWVHHPV

WREHWUXHDQGZKDWLVDFWXDOO\WUXH¶µZKDW¶VFRQGLWLRQDODQGZKDW¶VHWHUQDO¶

µZKDW¶VREYLRXVDQGZKDW¶VDELGLQJ¶± Real ± UNCHANGING (western tradition;

god is Real); (Hinduism; Brahman is Real; Atman-self is unchanging)

- Knowledge ± finding difference between real and unreal

- Problem ± of ignorance; lack of knowledge of who one truly is (in need of

correction)

- Reality is NON-DUAL (Brahman) ± only one but we perceive it to be multiple

and this is a function of our ignorance and is often translated as our illusion

(MAYA)

- Waking from dream = achieve higher level of knowledge

- Reality (Brahman) vs. illusion?

- PRAVRTTI - not so spiritual/ritualistic

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Document Summary

Hinduism theoretically speaking hinduism = liberal (not defined by belief) Fundamentals of hinduism are based on the upanishads. 2 ideas coming out of the upanishads: atman unaffected by the physical self, brahman ultimate reality (interconnectedness of all beings, contention that all beings share the same foundation) Only interested in an audience interested in moksha (celibacy, monasticism) Hinduism talks in two levels (1. addresses those interested in moksha; 2. general public) Knowledge: knowledge of the difference between the real and the unreal; knowledge about ultimate reality. ,984-;4:8,3/,98,-/3 real unchanging (western tradition; god is real); (hinduism; brahman is real; atman-self is unchanging) Knowledge finding difference between real and unreal. Problem of ignorance; lack of knowledge of who one truly is (in need of correction) Reality is non-dual (brahman) only one but we perceive it to be multiple and this is a function of our ignorance and is often translated as our illusion (maya)

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Considered by many to be the founder of modern economics, Adam Smith published his masterpiece The Wealth of Nations in 1776. Smith wrote in support of market economies as feudalism in Europe was unravelling. Hence, many of his insights clashed with the ideas of his contemporaries whom continued to be drawn to less modern notions of markets as governed by duties owed, hierarchy, master and servant, and paternalism. In Smithâs view, markets are guided by the self-interests of market participants, not by obligations imposed, moral or otherwise, by religious authorities, aristocracy, and crown.

Consider the following quote taken from The Wealth of Nations:

It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages. Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow-citizensâ¦.Every individualâ¦neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting itâ¦.He intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part in it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.

Now suppose that Jim enters the market to purchase a gallon of milk from a local dairy. Jill enters the market to contribute $100 to a charitable cause. Based on Smithâs analysis, which transaction is guided solely by self-interest? How could either transaction contribute to the public interest? Is one superior to the other in that the first transaction confers mutual economic gains to both parties while the other confers a gain to only a single party? Are two gains superior to one? Briefly discuss.

Rules: Limit your thoughts to no more than two pages total, using Microsoft Word, 12 point type in Times New Roman font. Double spaced with one inch margins throughout. Do not worry about being right or wrong, the purpose of this exercise is for you to stretch your mind and to think critically

The subject of this weekâs forum is Natural Selection andEvolution. These concepts are central to how the vast majority ofbiologists understand and interpret the natural world. By using thetheory of Natural Selection, biologists have made incredibletechnological advances in agriculture and medicine. One of thegoals of this class to increase your awareness of how basicprinciples of biology affects your life every day.

In this weeks post I would like you to research an area ofmedicine that our understanding of evolution and natural selectiondramatically increased the understanding and treatment of adisease, pathogen (virus or bacterial) or genetic condition. Yourpost should provide background of the topic, describe how anunderstanding of the evolution and natural selection has led togreater understanding of the health condition as well as thetreatments used to counteract it. You should also describe if thishas improved the outcomes for individuals with your chosencondition and how it might shape the future research in thisarea.

If you have trouble finding a specific topic that you areinterested in or a classmate has already posted on the topic youwere interested in, you could explore other health related topicsare also closely connected to our understanding of evolution andnatural selection or Darwinian medicine. For example, the debateabout the need for childrenâs vaccinations is still a topic thatmany parents donât agree with, and the arguments both sides (forand against) use Darwinian medicine to support their claims. Whichside has more validity? Another example is the âhygiene hypothesisâwhich states that our obsession with cleanliness has led to adramatic increase in allergies world wide because we are not beingexposed to the pathogens that strengthen our immunesystem.

Some websites to get you started:

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/medicine_01

http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/index.php/evolution-in-medicine/

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_07.html

Remember if a classmate posts on the same topic you areinterested in make sure you choose a different angle to explore orchoose another topic.

greyseal230

Apex Art has been requested to prepare a bid on 500 pieces offramed artwork for a new hotel. Winning the bid would be a bigboost for sales representative Jason Grant, who works entirely oncommission. Sonja Gomes, the cost accountant for Apex, prepared thebid and calculated full product Costs of $121,000. Based on thecompany policy of pricing at 125% of full cost, Gomes gives Grant afigure of $151,200 to submit for the job.

Grant is very concerned. He tells Gomes that at that price, Apexhas no chance of winning the job. He confides that he spent $500 ofcompany funds to take the hotelâs purchasing agent to a basketballplayoff game where the purchasing agent disclosed that a bid of$145,000 would win the job. He hadnât planned to tell Gomes becausehe was confident that the bid she developed would be below thatamount. Gomes reasons that the $500 he spent will be wasted if Apexdoesnât capitalize on this valuable information. In any case, thecompany will still make money if it wins the bid at $145,000because it is higher than the full cost of $121,000.

Gomes suggests that if Grant is willing to use cheaper materialsfor the frame, he can achieve a bid of $145,000. The artwork hasalready been selected and cannot be changed, so the entire amountof the reduction in cost will need to come from framingmaterials.

A note regarding the bidding process:

The hotel would announce that it is seeking bids from suppliersinterested in providing the artwork. The hotel would specify theirrequirements and a deadline for submitting bids. All interestedcompanies, such as Apex Art, would submit bids in sealed envelopes.After the deadline has passed, the hotel company would unseal thebids and, assuming that at least one supplier submitted a bidwithin their maximum price (this is the info that Grant obtainedfrom the purchasing agent which is not normally known to thebidders) would award the job. Generally, but not necessarily, thejob is awarded to the company with the lowest bid.

Approaches to Ethical DecisionMaking

There is a large body of workstretching back thousands of years that discusses ethics. The listbelow is not intended to be either comprehensive or exhaustive. Itis intended merely to provide a basic roadmap of the approachesthat are commonly applied to business situations.

Long Term Self-interest(Egoism) - You should never take any action that is not inyour or your organizationâs long-term self-interest.

PersonalVirtue - You should never do anything that is not honest,open, and truthful and that you would not be glad to see in thenewspaper or TV.

Religious Injunction- You should never take an action that is unkind or thatharms a sense of community.

GovernmentRequirements - The law represents the minimal moralstandards of society, so you should never take any action thatviolates the law.

Utilitarian Benefits- You should never take an action that does not result ingreater good for society. (cost vs. benefitanalysis)

Individual Rights âYou should never take an action that infringes on othersâ agreedupon rights.

Justice - You shouldnever take an action that would result in an unfair sharing ofbenefits or obligations.

Stakeholders are persons orgroups with a legitimate interest in a company. Choose one or moreas the most significant (but not all of them).

PrimaryStakeholders

Primary Stakeholders

Secondary Stakeholders

Shareholders

Employees

Customers

Suppliers

Governments

Local communities

Special Interest Groups

Trade Associations

Media

Questions:

1. State and describe the issues, if any, which may potentiallyviolate ethical principles. Whose interests could be jeopardizeddue to the potential unethical behavior that you identified?Provide reasons why these stakeholdersâ interests can bejeopardized.

2. What is Gomesâ rationale after Grant confides in her? Discussthe alternative courses of action that Gomes can take and thepossible outcomes.

3. What should Gomes do, and why? Elaborate.

4. What can you conclude if Grant were to take Gomesâsuggestions, and what could be the consequences? What could be thepossible consequences for taking the suggestion that yourecommend?

amaranthshark295

RLG100Y1 Lecture : Lecture notes on Hinduism-February 26th

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