BIOL 1111 Lecture Notes - Sodium-Potassium Alloy, Acid Dissociation Constant, Pyrophosphate

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7tm helices enclose retinal (chromophore light absorbing) Cytoplasmic hydrophobic/narrow barrier to proton movement. Extracellular hydrophilic/wide allows proton to leave once halfway through. D96 pka of 10 protonated under neutral circumstances. D85 pka of 2 deprotonated usually. Cytoplasm d96 retinal light driven isomerization d85. Another retinal conf. change d85 pka drops extracellular. **small conf. changes in retinal make it act as transient switch** similarities between pumping and signal transduction. Electroneutral pumps: all energy of atp hydrolysis (7. 3 kcal/mol) goes into generating chem gradient electrogenic pumps squander much energy as membrane potential (elec. grad. ) **can generate huge gradients using electroneutral pumps (h+/k+)** V (vacuolar) atp hydrolysis to transport h+ F type atp synthases freely reversible in vitro and in bacteria; counterproductive in eukaryotes (generate ion gradient for other processes) (only function is to make atp inhibitory protein binds under anoxic condition to prevent atp hydrolysis) F1 water soluble; catalyzes atp hydrolysis (b-subunit) F0 membrane embedded; conducts protons (via proton binding)

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