BIOL 2131 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Globin, Nanometre, Graphene

• School: University of Windsor
• Department: Biological Sciences
• Course: BIOL 2131
• Professor: Hubberstey

Document Summary

Midterm(exam:! videos!like!microarray): eh1120,!february!12,!2:3013:50, covers!chapter!114! (up!to!end!of!thursday"s!lecture!10), based!on!lecture!material!(lecture!notes,!class!discussion,!additional!materials! !e. g. questions!will!be!multiple!choice!and!short!answer!(2. 5! Introns! (errors!in!processing): gene!families, the!problems!with!introns, a!particular!disease!that!is!a!result!of!improper!intron!processing, a!further!discussion!of!introns, genes!that!have!interrelated!functions. !they!look!very!similar!at!the!genomic! level,!have!different!functions,!but!they!probably!originated!from!a!single! gene: some!of!those!genes!have!actually!diverged!their!functions!into!very! different!functions!through!beneficial!mutations! nanotechnology! nanopore!dna!sequencers , the!professor"s!vote!is! nanopore!dna!sequencing , has!been!highlighted!as!a!potential!winner!this!year, relies!on!a!lot!of!physics, expects!us!to!understand!the!basic!concept!of!how!we!can!sequence!dna!using, www. nanoporetech. com !company!in!britain!! ! 2013!will!see!the!first!commercial: who!cares?!we!can!already!sequence!dna,!so!what"s!the!issue? fraction!of!the!time!and!a!fraction!of!the!cost!that!it!took!in!the!past, advancements!have!already!revolutionized!our!ability!to!sequence!dna!at!a, one!of!the!first!reports!in!2011:! nanopore!sensors!for!nucleic!acid!analysis ! (nature, highlights!this!new!technique!where!you!can!monitor!electrical!current!over! a!surface!(or!through!a!pore). 2013(molecular(biology(tool(of(the(year? ((nature(journal)! (cid:0) pore gives signal when interacting with dna/rna/protein these!proteins: solid state: fabricated from synthetic materials e. g. graphene: pure carbon similar to graphite (but only one atom thick) proteins, 2. !solid!state:!fabricated!from!synthetic!materials! and!out, pore!gives!signal!when!interacting!with!dna/rna/protein! 100 times stronger than steel; conducts electricity better than copper. Types of nanopore sequencers: biological: uses pore-forming protein in a membrane such as a lipid bilayer. !you"re!able!to!monitor! when!a!compound!goes!through!that!pore. : article!says!that!you!will!be!able!to!do!it!for!less!than!a!1000 e. g. channel pore proteins (!-hemolysin) Types(of(nanopore(sequencers:! (cid:0) heptameric protein pore with an inner diameter of 1nm: 1. !biological:!uses!pore!forming!protein!in!a!membrane!such!as!a!lipid!bilayer, e. g. !channel!pore!proteins!! Nobel prize for physics (2010) andre geim and. How(does(nanopore(sequencing(work? which!has!electrical!sensor!built!into!pore: single!stranded!dna!is!fed!through!a!hole! (pore)!in!a!graphene!nanosequencer, electrical!signal!excited!by!each!nucleotide!as!it!enters!pore!is!different, differences!in!signal!can!be!analyzed!by!computer!and!converted!into!dna!sequence! information, create!a!graphene!grid,!make!a!hole!in!it!with!1!nm!diameter, link!up!an!electrical!current!to!the!pore, the!pore!is!so!small,!that!when!something!goes!through!it,!the!electrical! signal!gets!disturbed!! !we!get!a!signal: the!electrical!signal!gets!excited!or!changed!in!a!way!that!corresponds!to!a, there!are!only!4!nucleotides! !each!one!has!a!separate!excitation!frequency, computer!monitors!it!and!can!give!you!dna!sequence!information, last!year,!oxford!company!did!a!live!sequencing!of!a!virus!genome!during!a! nucleotide!going!through!it! between!a,!t,!g!and!c, has!this!been!used!successfully?!yes! press!conference!with!a!tiny!nanosequencer, see!figures!