BIOL 2131 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism, Human Genome Project, Autism Spectrum

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orangehorse801

14 Mar 2016

School

University of Windsor

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIOL 2131

Professor

Dr.Andrew Hubberstey

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Document Summary

What is a gene: a nucleotide sequence that codes for a functional rna, can be mrna that codes for protein or it can be a functional rna, a segment of dna that produces a functional rna molecule. 22 000 genes: there are some genes that only have one allele (rare, don"t know how many genes fall into this category, most genes have alleles, alleles are just alternate forms (sequence) of a particular gene. What is transcription: dna being converted or transcribed into rna, a conversion of dna code into rna code, all genes are transcribed, all genes are turned into rna molecules, rna polymerase polymerases rna molecules. Key questions for week #2 lectures: chapter 1. 4 bases that make up the genome of every single life form. Each cell has 1 meter of dna- 3 billion nucleotides (one genome, so 6 billion for both sets of chromosomes) Dna carries instructions to make you who you are.

Related Questions

QuestionGroup: #21 Gene expression 2

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The direct end result of gene expression is which of the following?

Amino acids

Translation

Proteins

Carbohydrates

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QuestionGroup: #22 Mutation

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Which of the following is the ways in which nucleotide mutations lead to altered proteins?

One nucleotide is substituted by another nucleotide, which can cause an early stop codon to be incorporated into the amino acid sequence resulting in a truncated protein.

One nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide, which can change an amino acid in the protein sequence

Nucleotides are inserted into a nucleotide sequence causing a frameshift in the sequence.

All three choices may cause mutations.

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QuestionGroup: #23 Mutation 2

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Mutations are the result of which of the following?

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different carbohydrates

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different proteins

Change in the order of transfer RNA to messenger RNA so that the transfer RNA take over the role of Messenger RNA

Primarily an alteration in the sequence of nucleotides in the abnormal proteins

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QuestionGroup: #24 Cell division

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There are two major kinds of cell division. Which of the following plays a major role in promoting genetic diversity?

Meiosis since it causes the cells to make more daughter cells than mitosis

Mitosis since it causes the cells to duplicate and eventually have mutations

Meiosis since it causes the DNA sequences to be separated into new patterns in the daughter cells.

Mitosis since it essential for the ovaries in humans to separate and duplicate

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QuestionGroup: #25 Cancer

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Genes that slow down or stop the cell cycle are called...

Apoptotic genes

Oncogenes

Restriction genes

Tumor suppressor genes

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QuestionGroup: #26 Cancer2

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The common theme in the development of all cancers is...

Mutation

Evolution

Infection

Syncopation

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QuestionGroup: #27 Genetics

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Homework

Punnett's square is which of the following?

Example of all possible combinations of alleles

Example of all possible combinations of chromosomes

Example of only certain combination of alleles since some will not be expressed.

Example of all possible combinations of DNA

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QuestionGroup: #28 Embryo development

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Which of the following is the end of the cleavage phase?

A fetus

Formation of a blastocyst

Implantation to the lining of the uterus

Fewer number of cells

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QuestionGroup: #29 Development of organ system

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For organs to be differentiated, which of the following is the first step?

Stem cells trigger the development of differentiated cells

Tissues assemble into organ systems such as blood

Tissue specific genes in stem cells are triggered

Differentiated cells form tissues

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QuestionGroup: #30 Development and society

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Homework

A pregnant mother ingests a chemical which her mother said would be great for the baby. When the baby was born, it had a large head and flippers for arms. What caused this phenotype?

The chemicals were teratogens which influenced oxidative phosphorylation causing the changes in the phenotype.

The chemicals influenced the expression of different stem cells.

There is no way to assume the chemicals caused the phenotype since we have no data on other mothers who took this medicine. It could have been purely by chance.

The chemicals were teratogens which caused the baby to show early signs of evolution.

Ploidy refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes (genes) present in a cell. The number of chromosomes in a complete set is a fixed characteristic of a species. Humans are diploid with two sets of 23 chromosomes. Fruit flies are diploid with two sets of 4 chromosomes. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, each somatic cell of an organism has two complete sets ("di" is a prefix indicating 2.). To complete a life cycle and reproduce new members of a species, mating is required. Mating brings a donation from a male and a donation from a female together. However, if the male and female cells remain diploid, the fertilization will result in a tetraploid zygote. In general, these are not viable. A mechanism is needed to form special haploid cells, gametes. The diploid set is split precisely into two complete haploid sets. That mechanism is meiosis.

The complete set of chromosomes of a species is also the complete set of genes of a species, the genome. (Yes, there is a minor contribution from mitochondria and chloroplasts. Inheritance of this information is "cytoplasmic".)

Please answer the following questions:

1. How many chromosomes in a brain cell of a fruit fly? How many chromosomes are in a liver cell of a human? Explain both answers.

2. How many chromosomes are in a fruit fly unfertilized egg? How many chromosomes are in a human egg? Explain both answers.

3. Why is meiosis necessary for sexually reproducing organisms? How many chromosomes are in a human zygote? Relate the two answers.

4. What is a gene allele? Suppose there is a gene called "bingo" and it is present once in a complete haploid set. How many alleles of "bingo" does a diploid individual have? How many copies or versions of the gene "bingo" are present in a diploid individual?

5. Modern DNA sequencing clearly identifies alleles by showing the different DNA sequence of each allele. These alleles may be termed structural alleles (I coined the term for this problem.). Classical genetics only dealt with phenotypes or visible traits. As a result, alleles of genes were identified by functionality, usually normal or non-functional. Using your knowledge of gene structure and gene expression, postulate a relationship between structural alleles and functional alleles. (include relative amounts; more, less, or equal).

1- A new beetle species has arrived in Ohio and ate the wheat, destroying much of the harvest. Research in lab has found that a toxin from the bacterial species Bacillius subtilius can kill the beetle when ingested. You are able to make recombinant DNA containing a plant expression vector and the toxin gene from Bacillius subtiliu. This toxin gene is transcribed and translated in plant cells in the lab. Before introducing this recombinant DNA into corn plants, what main concern do you need to first address?

A) Do we have the technology to express the toxin in this plant cell?

B) Will this gene escape the corn plant and the DNA inserts itself into other plant species?

C) Will the toxin harm humans/livestock when they eat the corn?

D) Will introfuction of the recombinant DNA select for naturally resistent weeds?

E) other

2- You are working on influenza virus infection and want to know if the isg15 gene in mice protects against a particular iinfluenza viru strain? You ask if the isg15 decreases influenza viral replication. You want to silence the expression of the isg15 gene in cells, and you only need the gene silence for a short time (24-48hours). What is the fastest method you would use to silence the isg15 gene?

A) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the isg15 gene

B) Make a ecombinant DNA molecule conyaining the isg15 gene that can be expressed in mouse cells

C) Use homologous recombination to knock out the isg15 gene and then grow up those cells

D) Use a short interfering (si)RNA to the isg15 gene

E) Use a microarray to look at the isg15 levels

3- A mutation in the TATA box would:

A) allow more transcription factors to bind to the DNA

B) prevent RNA polymerase from bindng to the DNA

C) prevent alternative spilcing

D) Mutate the silencer sequence of the DNA

E) Allow RNA polymerase to start transcription

4- If a genes template strand's DNA sequence is 3'-TGA-5', the codon sequence is ___ and the anticodon sequence is ___.

A) 5'-ACU-3' and 3'-UGA-5'

B) 5'-ACT-3' and 3'-TGA-5'

C)5'-UGA-3' and 3'-ACU-5'

D)5'-ACU-3' and 3'-ACU-5'

E)5'-UGA-3' and 3'-UGA-5'

Please help and explain why! Thanks!!

BIOL 2131 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism, Human Genome Project, Autism Spectrum

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