BIOC 1303 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Amylose, Starch, Mutarotation
28 Jun 2018
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03-59-191
Week Five: February 5 - 9, 2018
Introduction to Organic and Biological Chemistry for Health Sciences
Chapter 15 Carbohydrates
14.1 Aldehydes and Ketones
Learning Goals → Classify a monosaccharide as an aldose or ketose.
→ Indicate the number of carbon atoms.
Carbohydrates - Pg. 543
- Carbohydrates are:
- A major portion of diet.
- Composed of C , H and O atoms.
- Also called saccharides, which means “sugars”
- Produced by photosynthesis in plants.
Photosynthesis and Respirations - Pg. 543
- Photosynthesis in plants requires CO2, H2O, and energy from the sun and produced
carbohydrates such as glucose.
- In respiration, glucose is oxidized in living cells to produce CO2, H2O, and energy.
Types of Carbohydrates - Pg. 544
- Monosaccharides → Simplest carbohydrates
- Disaccharides → two monosaccharides
- Polysaccharides → Many monosaccharides
Classification of Monosaccharides - Pg. 544
-Aldoses are monosaccharides with an aldehyde (-CHO) group and many hydroxyl (-OH)
groups.
-Ketoses are monosaccharides with a ketone (-C=O) group and many hydroxyl (-OH)
groups.
Monosaccharides - Pg. 544
- Monosaccharides are also classified according to the number of carbon atoms.
-Triose has 3 carbons
-Tetrose has 4 carbons
-Pentose has 5 carbons
-Hexose has 6 carbons For every carbon atoms, there will be one water molecule.
C3(H20)3
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
15.1 Learning Check: Saccharides
1.) Identify each of the following as either
tetrose, pentose or hexose, and as either aldose, or
ketose.
15.2 Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides
Learning Goals → Use Fischer projections to draw the D or L isomers of glucose, galactose, and fructose.
Fischer Projection - Pg. 546
- Is used to represent carbohydrates.
- Places the most oxidized group at the top.
- Uses horizontal lines for bonds that come forward
- Uses vertical lines for bonds that go back.
if the -OH prefix is to the left, it stands ⇒
for levos. If -OH is on the right it stands for
dextro
D and L Notation - Pg. 546
- The letter “L” is assigned to the structure with the -OH on the left.
- The letter “D” is assigned to the structure with the -OH on the right.
D and L Monosaccharides - Pg. 547
- The -OH on the chiral atom farthest from the carbonyl group is used to assign the D or L
configuration.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
03-59-191
Week Five: February 5 - 9, 2018
Will not need to draw out
from memory. The farthest -OH
group is determined by the -C=O
or CHO group (most oxidized
carbon) CHIRAL group!
D- Glucose - Pg.
548
- Is found in fruits like corn, syrup and honey
- An aldohexose with the formula C6H12O6
- Known as blood sugar in the body
D-Fructose - Pg. 548
- D-Fructose is a ketohexose with the formula C6H12O6
- Is the sweetest carbohydrate.
- It is found in fruit juices and honey.
- It converts to glucose in the body.
D-Galactose - Pg. 548
- D-Galactose is not free in nature.
- It is obtained from lactose, a disaccharide.
- It is important in cellular membranes.
15.2 Learning Check: D and L Monosaccharides
1.) Indicate whether each is the D or L isomer
15.3 Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides
Learning Goals → Draw and identify the haworth structures of monosaccharides
Cyclic Haworth Structures - Pg. 551
- Stable cyclic hemiacetals form when the C=O group and the -OH are part of the same
molecule.
- For heroes, the hydroxyl group on C-5 reacts with the aldehyde group or ketone group.
- The cyclic structure of a D-isomer has the last CH2OH group located above the ring.
Formation of Cyclic Glucose - Pg. 551
→ The Haworth structure can be written from the Fischer Projection
- The -OH group on the left (C3) is drawn up.
- The -OH groups on the right (C2, C4) are drawn down.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Introduction to organic and biological chemistry for health sciences. Learning goals classify a monosaccharide as an aldose or ketose. Composed of c , h and o atoms. Photosynthesis in plants requires co2, h2o, and energy from the sun and produced carbohydrates such as glucose. In respiration, glucose is oxidized in living cells to produce co2, h2o, and energy. Aldoses are monosaccharides with an aldehyde (-cho) group and many hydroxyl (-oh) groups. Ketoses are monosaccharides with a ketone (-c=o) group and many hydroxyl (-oh) groups. Monosaccharides are also classified according to the number of carbon atoms. For every carbon atoms, there will be one water molecule. Identify each of the following as either tetrose, pentose or hexose, and as either aldose, or ketose. Learning goals use fischer projections to draw the d or l isomers of glucose, galactose, and fructose. Places the most oxidized group at the top. Uses horizontal lines for bonds that come forward.
