BIOC 1303 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Ethane, Haloalkane, Cycloalkane
28 Jun 2018
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03-59-191
Week One: January 8 - 12, 2018
Introduction to Organic and Biological Chemistry for Health Sciences
Chapter 11
11.1 Organic Compounds
Learning Goal → Identify properties characteristic of organic or inorganic compounds
Properties of Organic Compounds of Alkanes
- Propane, C3H8, is an organic compound that is used as a fuel.
- NaCl, salt, is an inorganic compound composed of Na+ and Cl– ions
Characteristics of Organic Compounds
- Contain Carbon.
- As well as H,O,S,N and P or a halogen like Cl.
- Have covalent bonds; usually nonpolar.
- Have low boiling points.
- Are flammable.
- Are soluble in nonpolar solvents.
Bonding in Carbon Tetrahedral Carbon (109.5) - Carbon
- Carbon has 4 valence electrons; hydrogen has 1.
•
• C • H •
•
- To achieve an octet, carbon forms four bonds.
H H
• • |
H : C : H H—C—H CH4 , methane
• • |
H H
Tetrahedral Carbon - 2 Carbon
- Inorganic molecules, valence electrons form covalent bonds carbon atoms.
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Methane
- When a carbon atom has four single covalent bonds, VSEPR theory
predicts that the bonds and their atoms are arranged in a tetrahedral
shape.
11.1 Learning Check
1. Identify each characteristic as most typical of compounds that are 1)
inorganic 2) organic.
A. Has a high melting point.
B. Not soluble in water.
C. Has a formula CH3—CH2—CH3
D. Formula is MgCl2
E. Burns easily in air.
F. Has covalent bonds
11.2 Alkanes
Learning Goal → Write the IUPAC names and structural formulas for alkanes
Alkanes
- Contain only C and H.
- Have only single C-C bonds.
- Have a general formula of CnH2n+2
→ Either memorize the formula or count the number of hydrogens.
Examples:
C Atoms H Atoms Formula
1 2(1) + 2 = 4 CH4
2 2(3) + 2 = 8 C3H8
6 2(6) + 2 = 14 C6H14
Structural Formulas
→ Show the arrangement of atoms in an organic compound.
- In expanded structural formulas, all the individual bonds are drawn.
- In condensed structural formulas, each carbon is written with the H atoms connected to
it. don’t show all the bonds in condensed structural formulas. ⇒
Line-Bond formulas
- Because each C atom has a tetrahedral arrangement, the geometrical arrangement of
carbon atoms is not a straight line.
- A line-bond formula abbreviates the carbon chain and shows only the ____ pattern of
bonds from carbon atom to carbon atom.
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03-59-191
Week One: January 8 - 12, 2018
IUPAC System of
Naming
Alkanes
- The
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) establishes the rules for
naming organic compounds.
- Alkanes are named with “ane” endings.
- The first four alkanes are: methane, ethane, propane, and butane.
- The names of longer carbon chains use Greek prefixes such as pent- for 5C atoms and
hex- for 6C atoms.
Names of Continuous-Chain Alkanes NEED TO KNOW⇒
Cycloalkanes
- Are rings of carbons that can be drawn as geometric figures
- Have a general formula of CnH2n or 2H less than the alkane.
Examples
- Propane C3H8Cyclopropane C3H6 (minus two H atoms)
- Butane C4H10 Cyclobutane C4H8
- Are named with the prefix “cyclo-” in front of the corresponding alkane name.
Formulas of Cycloalkanes
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