BIOC 1303 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Magic 2Ch, Substituent, Cellulose

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tangnat1

28 Jun 2018

School

University of Windsor

Department

Chemistry and Biochemistry

Course

BIOC 1303

Professor

Professor Lee

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03-59-191

Week Three: January 22 - 26, 2018

Introduction to Organic and Biological Chemistry for Health Sciences

Chapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

12.1 Alkenes and Alkynes

Learning Goal → Write the IUPAC names for alkenes and alkynes. Give common names for simple structures.

Saturated Hydrocarbons

-Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each

carbon atom

-Are alkanes and cycloalkanes with single C—C bonds

Alkenes and Alkynes Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – pg. 447

-Have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes

-Alkenes with double bonds or alkynes with triple bonds

Bond Angles in Alkenes and Alkynes – pg. 447

-According to VESPER theory:

-The three groups (when carbon has a double bond, it shares bonds with

three other atoms) bonded to carbon atoms in a double bond are at

angles of 120°

-The two groups bonded to each carbon in a triple bond are at angles of

180° (linear)

Naming Alkenes and Alkynes – pg. 448

-Alkanes end in –ane

-Alkenes end in –ene

-Alkynes end in –yne

Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

-When the carbon chain has 4 or more C atoms, the chain is numbered to give the lowest

number to the double or triple bond

-When naming alkenes and alkynes, it is similar to naming alkanes. For alkenes or

alkynes, the name is based on the longest carbon chain that contains the double to triple

bond.

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In a

cycloalkene with a

substituent, the

double bond is understood to be between carbons 1

and 2, and the ring is numbered to give the lowest

number to the substituent.

12.1 Learning Check

12.2 Cis-Trans Isomers

Learning Goal → Write the structural formulas and names for the cis-trans isomers of alkenes.

Cis-Trans Isomers – pg. 425

-Two isomers are possible when groups are attached to the double bond

because in alkenes, the double bond is rigid (unable to bend or move) which

means the groups attached to the double bond don’t move.

-In a cis isomer, groups are attached on the same side of the double bond

-In the trans isomer, the groups are attached on opposite sides

Naming Cis-Trans Isomers – pg. 452

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03-59-191

Week Three: January 22 - 26, 2018

-The prefixes cis or trans are placed in front of the alkene name when there are cis-trans

isomers

Cis-Trans Isomerism – pg. 452

-Alkenes cannot have cis-trans isomers if a carbon atom in

the double bond is attached to identical groups

→ Note: Alkynes do not have cis-trans isomers as the carbons in

the triple bond are each attached to only one group.

12.2 Learning Check Cis-Trans Isomers

12.3 Addition Reactions

Learning Goal → Write the structural formulas and names for the organic products of additional reactions of alkenes

and alkynes.

4 Addition Reactions to Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – pg. 456

-The pi (π) bond is easily broken, which makes double and

triple bond very reactive.

-In the addition reaction, reactants are added to the carbon

atoms in the double or triple bond

Addition Reaction 1: Hydrogenation – pg. 456

-In hydrogenation, H atoms add to the carbon atoms of a

double bond or triple bond

-A catalyst such as Pt or Ni is used to speed up the reaction

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Document Summary

Introduction to organic and biological chemistry for health sciences. Learning goal write the iupac names for alkenes and alkynes. Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom. Are alkanes and cycloalkanes with single c c bonds. Have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes. Alkenes with double bonds or alkynes with triple bonds. Bond angles in alkenes and alkynes pg. The three groups (when carbon has a double bond, it shares bonds with three other atoms) bonded to carbon atoms in a double bond are at angles of 120 . The two groups bonded to each carbon in a triple bond are at angles of. When the carbon chain has 4 or more c atoms, the chain is numbered to give the lowest number to the double or triple bond. When naming alkenes and alkynes, it is similar to naming alkanes.

Related Questions

Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that solely consist of hydrogen and carbon atoms. These compounds are considered saturated if they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Degrees of unsaturation are structural features that cause a compound to have less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible, and cause the hydrocarbon to be considered unsaturated. In hydrocarbons, degrees of unsaturation consist of ring structures and pi bonds (double and triple bonds). The following formulas can be used to determine whether a molecular formula represents an alkane, alkene, or alkyne (assuming that the hydrocarbons are not ring structures, and that the unsaturated compounds only have one double or triple bond).

Alkanes: CnH2n+2

Alkenes: CnH2n

Alkynes: CnH2nâ2

Classify each of the following statements as true or false:

a) To be classified as organic, a compound must be or have been part of a living organism.

b) Carbon atoms normally form four bonds in organic compounds.

c) Only an unsaturated hydrocarbon can engage in an addition reaction.

d) Members of a homologous series differ by a distinct structural unit.

e) Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

f) Alkyl groups are a class of organic compounds.

g) Isomers have the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas.

h) Cis-trans isomerism appear among alkenes but not alkynes.

i) All aliphatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated.

j) Aromatic hydrocarbons have a ring structure.

k) An alcohol has an alkyl group bonded to an oxygen atom, and an ether has two.

l) Carbonyl groups are found in alcohols and aldehydes.

m) An ester is an aromatic carbon made from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

n) An amine has one, two, or three alkyl groups substituted for hydrogens in an ammonia molecule.

o) An amide has the structure of a carboxylic acid except that replaces OH in the carboxyl group.

p) A peptide linkage series arises when a water molecule forms from a hydrogen from the of one amino acid molecule an from an another amino acid molecule.

r) Chain-growth polymers are made a reaction that gives off water a second product.

s) Nylon is an example of a step-growth condensation polymer.

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BIOC 1303 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Magic 2Ch, Substituent, Cellulose

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