NURS 1750 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Supine Position, Mesothelium, Phalanx Bone
28 Jun 2018
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Week One (Sept. 11-15, 2017)
Anatomy and Physiology I
Chapter One: An Introduction to the Human Body (Pgs. 1-21)
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined
Anatomy is the science of body structuctures and the relationships among them.
Physiology on the othe rhand is the science of body functions - how the body parts work.
The structure of a part of the body often reflects its functions. For example, the bones of the
fingers are more loosely joined to allow a variety of movements. The walls of the air sacs in the
lungs are very thin, permitting rapid movement of gases (O2 and CO2 into and out of blood
stream).
The table below describes several branes of anatomy and physiology:
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1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body
Systems
There are six levels of organization of the human body. They are as follows:
1. Chemical Level: Includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical
reactions, and molecules (two or more atoms joined). Examples includes, Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Calcium, DNA and glucose.
2. Cellular Level: Molecules combine to form cells (ie. nerve, muscle, epithelial cells).
3. Tissue Level: Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work
together to perform a particular function. There are four levels of tissue:
a.i. Epithelial Tissue - covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and forms
glands.
a.ii. Connective Tissue - connects, supports and protects body organs while
distributing blood vessels to other tissue.
a.iii. Muscular Tissue - contracts to make body parts move and generates
heat.
a.iv. Nervous Tissue - carries information from one part of the body through
another through nerve impulses.
4. Organ Level: Different types of tissues are joined together. Organs are structures that
are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions. For
example, the stomach’s outer covering is a layer of epithelial and connective tissue that
reduces friction. Underneath are three layers of a type of muscular tissue called smooth
muscle tissue that contract to churn and mix food. The innermost lining is an epithelial
tissue layer that produces fluid and chemicals responsible for digestion.
5. System (organ-system) Level: A system consists of related organs with a common
function. An example is the digestive system.
6. Organismal Level: Consists of all the parts of the human body functioning together to
make up the total organism.
The following table lists the components and introduces the functions of the body systems.
Body System Components and Functions
Integumentary
System (Ch. 5)
Components: Skin, hair, finger and toe nails, sweat and oil glands.
Functions: protects body, regulates temperature, eliminates some
wastes, detects sensations (touch, warmth, pain), stores fat and
provides insulation.
Skeletal System
(Ch. 6 - 9)
Components: Bones and joints and their associated cartilages.
Functions: Supports and protects body, houses cells that produce
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Week One (Sept. 11-15, 2017)
blood cells, stores minerals and lipids, provides area for muscle
attachment and aids in body movement.
Muscular System
(Ch. 10, 11)
Components: Specifically skeletal muscle tissue (muscle usually
attached to bone).
Functions: Participates in body movements, maintains posture and
produces heat.
Nervous System
(Ch. 12 - 17)
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs (ie.
eyes and ears).
Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate
body activities, detects, interprets and responds to changes in body’s
external and internal environment by causing muscular contractions or
glandular secretions.
Endocrine System
(Ch. 18)
Components: Hormone producing glands and hormone-producing
cells.
Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones.
Cardiovascular
System (Ch 19 - 21)
Components: Blood, heart and blood vessels.
Functions: Heart pumps blood through vessels, blood carries O2 and
nutrients to calls and takes CO2 and wastes away and helps regulate
acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluids, and
blood components help defend against disease.
Lymphatic System
and Immunity
(Ch. 22)
Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph
nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B and T
cells).
Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood, contains sites of
maturation and proliferation of B and T cells which protect against
disease-causing microbes and carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract
to blood.
Respiratory System
(Ch. 23)
Components: Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes.
Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled O2 to blood and takes CO2
from blood to exhaled air, produces sounds via air passing through
vocal cords and helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids.
Digestive System
(Ch. 24)
Components: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large
intestines, anus, accessory organs such as salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder and pancreas.
Functions: Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs
nutrients, eliminates solid wastes.
Urinary System
(Ch. 26)
Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
Functions: Stores and produces urine, helps regulate red blood cell
production, regulates volume and chemical composition of blood,
helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids.
Reproductive
System (Ch. 28)
Components: Gonads (testes and ovaries), and associates organs
(Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, epididymis, ductus
or vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis).
Functions: Produce games, release hormones that regulate
reproduction and other body processes.
1.3 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
The following are the six most important life processes of the human body.
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