PSYC 1150 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Homeostasis, Brainstem, Abraham Maslow
26 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Introduction to Psychology
Lecture 10: Emotion and Motivation
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the major theories of emotion
- Identify unconscious influences on emotion\
- Explain the importance of nonverbal expression of emotion
- Describe the four levels of personal space
- Identify major lie-detection methods and their pitfalls
- Describe the emerging discipline of popular psychology
- Identify common myths and realities about happiness and self-esteem
- Define motivation
- Explain basic principles and theories of motivation
- Describe the determinants of hunger, weight gain, and obesity
- Identify the symptoms of bulimia and anorexia
- Describe the human sexual response cycle and factors that influence sexual activity
- Identify common misconceptions about sexual orientation
- Describe potential influences on sexual orientation
- Identify principles and factors that guide attraction and relationship formation
- Describe the major types of love and the elements of love and hate
- Describe major theories of emotion
- Discuss the importance of nonverbal expression of emotion
- Explore the discipline of popular psychology
- Identify principles and theories of motivation
- Distinguish principles and factors that guide attraction and relationship formation
Discrete Emotions Theory
- Humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that can combine in complex
ways
- Evolutionarily adaptive
- Emotional expressions may be the by-products of innate motor programs
- For example: A genuine smile, or Duchenne smile, involves not only an upward
turning of the corners of the mouth, but a drooping of the eyelids and crinkling of
the corners of the eyes. A fake, Pan Am smile uses the movement of the mouth
but not the eyes.
- Primary emotions - cross-culturally universal emotions
- Happiness
- Disgust
- Sadness
- Fear
- Surprise
- Contempt
- Anger
- Secondary emotions: Humans experience a small number of distinct emotions, even if
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they combine in complex ways
- Emotions (limbic system) precede our thoughts about them (cortex)
Cognitive Theories of Emotion
- Emotions are products of thinking, not innate motor programs
- There are as many different kinds of emotions as thoughts; there are no discrete
emotions
- (William) James-Lange theory of emotion
- Emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli (causal
reversal)
- Patients with higher spinal cord injuries reported less emotion than those
with lower spinal cord injuries
- Somatic marker theory (Antonio Damasio)
- We use our “gut reactions” to gauge how we should act
Cognitive Theories of Emotion
-Cannon-Bard Theory
- An emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an
emotional and bodily reaction
-Two-Factor Theory
- Emotions are produced by an undifferentiated arousal,
with an attribution of that arousal (30/60%)
Unconscious Influences on Emotion
- Subliminal - stimuli that is below the threshold of awareness
- Mere exposure effect - repeated exposure to a stimulus makes
us more likely to feel favorably toward it
- Facial feedback hypothesis - you’re likely to feel emotions that
correspond to your facial expressions
Body Language
-Nonverbal leakage - an unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour
-Gestures
- Illustrators - gestures that highlight speech
- Manipulators - gestures in which one body part touches another body part
- Emblems – gestures convey conventional meaning
-Proxemics - the study of personal space
- Public distance - public speaking
- Social distance - conversations among strangers
- Personal distance - conversation among friends
- Intimate distance - kissing, hugging, affectionate touching
Proxemics
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→ Proxemics is the study of personal space
- Public distance
- Social distance
- Personal distance
- Intimate distance
Lying and Lie Detection
- Humans - usually not accurate in detecting lies
- Polygraph tests (Marston) - 98% accurate?
- Pinocchio response - a perfect physiological
or behavioural indicator of lying
- Controlled Question Test (CQT)
- Relevant questions - bearing on the crime in question
- Irrelevant questions - not bearing on the crime in question\
- Control questions - elicit probable lies
- Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) & Integrity Tests
- False positives - the test incorrectly labels innocent individuals as guilty at a high
rate
- The polygraph test is biased against the innocent
- Thinking generally, what are some possible confounds with a lie detector system that is
based on physiological measures of arousal?
- Arousal can be evident in a number of situations, not just when a subject is lying
- Conversely, subjects are able to lie without detectable arousal
Positive Psychology
- Emphasizes human strengths, such as resilience, coping, life satisfaction, love and
happiness.
- Broaden and build theory - happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us
to see the “big picture” we might have otherwise overlooked.
Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)
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Document Summary
Identify common myths and realities about happiness and self-esteem. Explain the importance of nonverbal expression of emotion. Describe the four levels of personal space. Describe the emerging discipline of popular psychology. Explain basic principles and theories of motivation. Describe the determinants of hunger, weight gain, and obesity. Describe the human sexual response cycle and factors that influence sexual activity. Describe the major types of love and the elements of love and hate. Discuss the importance of nonverbal expression of emotion. Distinguish principles and factors that guide attraction and relationship formation. Identify principles and factors that guide attraction and relationship formation. Humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that can combine in complex ways. Emotional expressions may be the by-products of innate motor programs. For example: a genuine smile, or duchenne smile, involves not only an upward turning of the corners of the mouth, but a drooping of the eyelids and crinkling of the corners of the eyes.
