Anatomy and Cell Biology 3309 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Heterochromatin, Zymogen, Oxidative Stress

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The study of structure and function of cells, tissues and organs at the microscopic level in order to understand normal function and to diagnose pathology. Traditional light microscopy ( bright field") of stained tissue sections. Phase or differential interference contrast (nomarski): uses different refractive indices within a specimen for visualization of living cells in culture. Fluorescence microscopy: fluorescent molecules (tagged antibodies) emit light at different wavelengths when exposed to uv light. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy: uses a computer with a scanning laser beam to visualize only in-focus information, thereby producing high resolution 3d images. Electron microscopy: uses an electron beam to visualize differences in material density in very small samples. Phase contrast microscopy is good at making the different materials of different refractive indexes more obvious. On left there is light coming from all angles and different focal planes so it looks fuzzy. In the confocal you only see one plane and thus are able to see structures more clearly.

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