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Anatomy and Cell Biology 4429A Lecture : The Choices of the Cell

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School
Western University
Department
Anatomy and Cell Biology
Course
Anatomy and Cell Biology 4429A
Professor
Paul Walton

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Document Summary

Have proliferation and differentiation, and in a thin layer we also have apoptosis. The liver detoxifies things which are dangerous to the rest of the body. Restriction point (leaving g1) - rb is the gatekeeper at this point. Senescent - cells don"t come out of g0. In quiescence, cells can come out of g0. The dna in mitosis has been packaged up into chromosomes and is going to be divided. Transcription is not feasible during this time. Mitosis takes only a little time in the cell cycle because these cells won"t be able to respond to outside influences by transcribing genes. Cancer therapeutics exploit this - for ex. microtubule inhibitors act during mitosis so the cell cannot respond to the damage. This is thyroid - has wells filled with colloid. The dis-regulation of all of these cell cycle checkpoints is a characteristic of cancer cells.

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Related Questions

Different cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) regulate the transition of eukaryotic cells from one phase of the cell cycle to another: from G1 to S, S to M, or M to G1. Describe the different mechanisms by which the enzyme activity of the CDKs is regulated over time during the cell cycle and how such mechanisms are altered in different cancers. In some cells such as trophoblasts (cells of the placenta) and megakaryocytes (precursors to blood platelets), cells will undergo repeated rounds of G1 and S phase without G2 or M phases – what is the advantage of this cell cycle for such cells?

1.If scientists could increase telomerase production in specific cells, the primary reason for this would most likely be the stopping of

A. meiosis.

B. aerobic respiration.

C. cancer cell formation.

D. All of the answer choices are correct.

E. aging of cells.

2. When DNA replicates

A. the original DNA unwinds, and multiple copies of a region are transcribed before the DNA closes back up.

B. transcription factors determine where to begin DNA replication.

C. None of the answer choices are correct.

D.one strand of the original DNA ends up in each of the new DNA molecules.

E. the original DNA is not affected and a new double-stranded DNA is made from two new strands of DNA.

3. In the biology lab, you observe three different animal cells under a microscope. In one cell, the nucleus is uniformly filled, with no distinct chromosome structure visible. In another, you see the nucleus with two nucleolus areas of more compact chromatin. A third cell is in mitosis, and distinct chromosome strands are visible. The value in packaging DNA in tighter forms of chromatin is for

A. mobility and protection of the DNA molecule during mitosis.

B. prevention of ligase enzyme action during replication.

C. Both answers regarding DNA mobility, protection and regulation in mitosis and transcription are correct.

D. regulation and protection of the DNA during transcription.

E.insuring that sister chromatids will be attached prior to replication.

.

1)What experiment was performed that allowed for scientists to finally agree that DNA is the genetic material within living organisms?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

2)What group of experiments led to the discovery of the mechanism used in DNA replication?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

i.What is a cesium chloride gradient?

ii.Where do 14N and 15N respectively fall along this gradient?

b.The results revealed that DNA replicates using which of the three proposed models?

i. Describe the mechanism of each model.

3)What is the role of the following proteins in DNA replication?

a.Helicase

b.Single strand binding proteins

c.Topoisomerase

d.DNA polymerase III

e.DNA polymerase I

f.Primase

g.Ligase

4)What extra steps are taken to be sure the lagging strand does not shorten each time DNA is replicated?

a.What is the role of telomerase in these “steps”?

5)In DNA repair, which enzyme has “proof-reading” capabilities?

1)Which type of cells within our bodies use mitosis to reproduce?

2)Does mitosis create a cell that is different or the same as the parent cell undergoing division?

3)Describe the DNA found in sister chromatids.

4)Describe the DNA found in homologous chromosomes.

5)What occurs during the following stages of the cell cycle?

a.G1 Phase

b.S Phase

c.G2 Phase

d.M Phase

What are the phases of mitosis? What events occur in each phase?

1)Does mitosis separate homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or both?

2)What is cytokinesis?

a.Which fibers of the cytoskeleton contract to pinch parent and daughter cells apart from one another in animals?

b.How do microtubules move chromosomes to the two poles of a dividing cell?

3)How are centrioles involved in this process?

a.How do plants form two complete cells during cytokinesis?

4)How do bacterial cells reproduce?

5)The cell cycle is controlled at “checkpoints”. What occurs at each of the following checkpoints?

a.G1 Checkpoint

b.G2 Checkpoint

c.M Checkpoint

6)How do cyclin and cdk act to control the G2 checkpoint?

7)If presented with the schematic of the M checkpoint, you should be able to explain perturbations to the system as well as if the cell will divide or stall at metaphase.

8)Cancerous cells form when the cell cycle checkpoints do not function correctly and continues to divide even though it is damaged in some way. How does the protein p53 function to keep these cells from dividing?

9)Normal cells follow certain rules of growth that cancerous cells do not follow. What are these rules (provide a short definition for each as well)?

10)What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?