Biology 1002B Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Light-Independent Reactions, The Sequence, Riboswitch

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scarletrabbit663

24 Aug 2013

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Most proteins involved in the electron transport system and the calvin cycle are coded by genes that are no longer in the chloroplast. Many however, are still coded by genes in the chloroplast. Chloroplast genomes are circular and are expressed in the typically prokaryotic environment inside the organelle. Chloroplasts also have their own sophisticated system of gene expression complete with its own rna polymerase. It is interesting to note that elysia has genes that are transcribed and translated from 3 distinct genomes that are found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. All life is similar in the sense that dna is found as the information storage centre in all life forms. There is information to be transcribed and translated in all dna sequence. Mrna does not simply appear in a linear manner (with a ribbon shape). mrna can base-pair with itself and thus yield a secondary or tertiary structure. In this structure there is also valuable information.

Related Questions

1 DNA sequences found in introns provide [A] amino acid sequence information.

[B] regulatory information.
[C] no known useful information.

[D] structure for the gene.
[E] alternative DNA splicing possibilities.

3. The TATA box is a(n)
[A] sequence close to the promoter region of many genes.
[B] square-shaped sequence.
[C] enhancer consensus sequence.
[D] activator sequence necessary for proper translation.
[E] None of the above

5. Regarding genes and gene expression, which of the following is not a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
[A] Eukaryotic DNA does not contain a TATA box close to the initiation site as does prokaryotic DNA.

[B] In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase requires

'transcription factors'or initiation.

[C] Prokaryotic genes are often grouped together in

operons.

[D] In eukaryotes, the regulation of several genes at once requires common control elements in each of the genes.
[E] There is a diversity of eukaryotic polymerases that is reflected in the diversity of eukaryotic promoters.

10) In eukaryotic cells, a repressor

[A] is made of DNA.
[B] binds to the enhancer region to block transcription. [

C] is located both upstream and downstream from the promoter.
[D] binds to the operator to block RNA polymerase.

[E] binds to a silencer to reduce transcription rates.

Coordinated regulation of genes in eukaryotic cells [A] is the result of positioning the same regulatory sequence in front of each gene.
[B] results from all of those genes being under the control of one promoter.

[C] occurs because related genes all have the same

operons.
[D] occurs because enhancers cause DNA to bend.

Chapter 6: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

What is the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?

What are the products of cellular respiration?

What does pyruvate do?

The conversion of CO2 and H2O into organic compounds using energy from light is called what?

If ATP accumulates in a cell, what happens?

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because the drug inhibits what?

As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATP(s).

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?

The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in what?

Chapter 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms?

What is an example of a photoautotroph?

What is the origin of chloroplasts?

In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called what?

The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from what?

What is the use and production of CO₂ in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Know the parts of the chloroplast. Which structure in the chloroplast represents the thylakoid membrane?

What molecules are reactants of photosynthesis?

What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?

Why are most plants green?

Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

What is called the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg?

How do eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes?

Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures are called what?

Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase?

What occurs during interphase?

What is the process called by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells?

What is the phase of mitosis during which the mitotic spindle begins to form?

During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope re-form?

What feature of plant cell division distinguishes it from animal cell division?

What features likely accounts for the difference between plant and animal cell cytokinesis?

What must occur for a plant or animal to grow and develop normally?

Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance

Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by what type of alleles?

What is the difference between genotypes and phenotypes?

What are the individual features of all organisms?

What does the chromosome theory of inheritance state?

What is the normal complement of sex chromosomes in a human male?

The sex chromosome complement of a normal human female is what?

How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete?

What is the gene located on a sex chromosome called?

Why are sex-linked conditions more common in men than in women?

Chapter 12: DNA Technology and Genomics

How long has Biotechnology been around?

What do restriction enzymes do?

What are "Sticky ends"?

What is the best definition of a genomic library?

What is a nucleic acid probe?

The only cells that can correctly attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products are what?

How does a vaccine work?

What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs.

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their what?

(tautomerization) The most common form of guanine is the ketoform, not the enol form.

True

False

What term describes the allowed degree of base pair matchingduring annealing, varying from lots of base-pair mismatches allowedto allowing only perfect base-pair matching.

stringency

aneuploidy

polyploidy

quantitative PCR

restriction fragment length polymorphism

I have an individual with a disease we will call SSI-itis,brought on by extreme exposure to cannabis. I do a southern andfind the gene affected. Another of his classmates exhibits theexact same symptoms, but that gene in hiw is wt. A southern in thesecond student finds a mutation in another gene. This is an exampleof

pleitropy

allelic heterogeneity

locus heterogeneity

dominant traits

recessive traits

penetrance

If a person carrying a dominant allele does not demonstrate thephenotype strongly, but still differs from wt, thisdemonstrates?

haploinsufficiency

penetrance

expressivity

monogenic traits

polygenic traits

I find three alleles for a gene in a fruit fly. One allelecreates the ability for the fly to eat graphite. Another allelecreates the ability for the fly to eat coal. The third alleleallows the fly to eat diamond. These alleles are all dominant, andwt cannot eat any of these substances. Which statement below is themost true?

Upon mating a bunch of the flies carrying these alleles, Ishould not find a fly that can eat graphite, coal, and diamond.

I would consider the ability to eat these substances an exampleof pleitropy because they are all carbon.

I would expect the ability to eat diamond to be dominant to theability to eat graphite.

These flies are demonstrating locusheterogeneity.

Expression vectors in prokaryotes do not make functionaleukaryotic gene products in bacteria very well because

the codon sequence for prokaryotes is different than the codonsequence in eukaryotes

there are no disulfide bridges formed in proteins normally madein prokaryotes

prokaryotic expression vectors cannot translate eukaryticsequences

eukaryotic genes have introns, and prokaryotes don't

eukaryotic genes have exons and prokaryotes don't

Which of the following is not used in PCR amplification ofDNA?

Double-stranded DNA template

Oligonucleotide primers

DNA polymerase

DNA ligase

ddNTPs

I create a knockout mouse using the agouti/black fur systemdiscussed in the online lecture and in the book. When I cross theagouti offspring of the originally engineered mouse, I find a ratioof 2 agouti mice to 1 black furred mouse. What is the bestexplanation?

The gene knocked out was recessive.

The gene knocked out was dominant.

The gene knocked out was a lethal gene.

The knockput was integrated into a random spot, and did notknockput the original gene.

A loss of function mutation is usually recessive, but canactually be a dominant mutation because of what effect?

haploinsufficiency

dominant negative mutations

allelic heterogeneity

locus heterogeneity

pleitropy

A genetic carrier of a disease can have a form of the diseasethat only shows intermittent symptoms, while the full homozygousrecessiuve individual would show all of the symptoms of thedisease.

True

False

Wild type, or wt, refers to the genotype that is the typicalgenotype found in nature. Now read that again. Once more. Nowanswer.

Answer

True

False

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Biology 1002B Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Light-Independent Reactions, The Sequence, Riboswitch

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