Biology 1202B Lecture Notes - Protein Targeting, Release Factor, Nuclear Membrane
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Fill in the blank. Elongation during translation does NOT involve ____________.
Question 16 options:
the translation of codons according to the genetic code | |
the formation of bonds catalyzed by the ribosome | |
complementary base pairing between RNA molecules | |
amino acids being linked together in a polypeptide | |
reading the DNA template 3' to 5' |
For a given gene, what establishes the reading frame for translation?
Question 17 options:
the location of the enhancer relative to the gene | |
the first three nucleotides at the 5' end of the mRNA | |
the first three nucleotides at the 3' end of the mRNA | |
the start codon in the mRNA | |
the location of the promoter relative to the gene |
Which of the following is the LEAST likely direct consequence of a substitution mutation?
Question 18 options:
changing the length of a protein coded for by a gene | |
changing one amino acid in a protein | |
creating a stop codon | |
eliminating a start codon | |
changing the length of the DNA molecule containing a gene |
Suppose that the pre-mRNA transcript from a eukaryotic gene is 30,000 nucleotides long, and the gene codes for a sequence of 300 amino acids. What is the best explanation for the relationship between these numbers?
Question 19 options:
only the first 900 nucleotides of the pre-mRNA transcript are translated | |
it takes 100 nucleotides to specify a single amino acid | |
300 of the nucleotides in the transcript are important, and the rest are "junk" | |
only the last 900 nucleotides of the pre-mRNA transcript are translated | |
large portions of pre-mRNA transcripts are cut out during RNA processing |
Suppose an individual is born into a population with a novel mutation. Is the new mutation an evolutionary change, and why?
Question 20 options:
no, because it is not a big enough change to count | |
yes, because new mutations are always adaptive | |
yes, because the appearance of a new genetic variant is a genetic change in a population | |
no, because not enough individuals have the mutation for it to matter | |
no, because most mutations are not adaptive |
SEQUANCE:
5'- GCU UGG GCU GCU GAU GCU CUU UAA CAU AGA GCU AAU AUU -3'
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3- Convert your mRNA sequence into a DNA sequence, then make itdouble-stranded by writing the complementary sequence below.
4- Transcribe (write an RNA sequence) and translate (write anamino acid sequence) both the "top" and "bottom" strands startingwith the first nucleotide. You must use the genetic code in yourtextbook or in your lecture notes for this step. DO NOT use thetable above. If you encounter a stop codon, your protein sequenceis done at that point.
Use the single letter designation for amino acids as givenbelow.
Alanine (A) | Aspartic acid (D) | Asparagine (N) | Arginine (R) |
Cysteine (C) | Glycine (G) | Glutamic acid (E) | Glutamine (Q) |
Histidine (H) | Isoleucine (I) | Leucine (L) | Lysine (K) |
Methionine (M) | Proline (P) | Phenylalanine (F) | Serine (S) |
Threonine (T) | Tryptophan (W) | Tyrosine (Y) | Valine (V) |
5- Use your original DNA sequence from #3. Add an A to the 5'end of the "top" strand, then write the complementary sequence onthe bottom. Add a GC to the 5' end of the
"bottom" strand, then write the complementary sequence on the top.Transcribe and translate both the "top" and "bottom" with this newsequence.
What kind of mutation(s) was introduced in the "top" strand?
What kind of mutation(s) was introduced in the "bottom"strand?
6- Use your original DNA sequence from #3. Starting at the 5'end on the "top" strand of your original sequence from part 3,delete the second A, the third G, and the fourth C along with thecomplementary nucleotides on the bottom strand. Transcribe andtranslate both the "top" and "bottom" with this new sequence.
What kind of mutation(s) was introduced in the "top" strand?
What kind of mutation(s) was introduced in the "bottom"strand?
7. Use your original DNA sequence from #3. Starting at the 5'end of the "top" strand, change the third G to an A, then changethe complementary nucleotide in the bottom. Starting at the 5' endof the "bottom" strand, change the third C to a T, then change thecomplementary nucleotide on the top. Transcribe and translate boththe "top" and "bottom" with this new sequence.
a. What kind of mutation(s) was introduced in the "top"strand?
b. Whatkind of mutation(s) was introduced in the "bottom" strand?