Lecture 10 – Mapping and Genome Sequencing
Positional Cloning finding the chromosomal location of a gene based on its phenotype
Finding a gene sequence based on its phenotype can be done with and without mapping
information
Hemophilia A no mapping information
Cystic Fibrosis mapping information was needed
Hemophilia and Colorblindness
Hemophilia A
“Old” interest: famous historical example
“New” interest:
• Hemophilia patients received untested and unscreened clotting factor prior to
1992
• Extreme risk for contracting HIV and hepatitis C
• Estimated that more than 50% of the hemophilia population contracted HIV from
the tainted blood supply in the US alone
One can clone a gene without mapping information IF one has:
• Family history
o Hemophilia is a Xlinked, recessive, single • An idea of what is causing the mutation
o A clotting factor a mutation that inactivates this factor causes hemophilia
A
Blood Clotting Cascade
Hemophilia A Cloning
• Protein sequencing – often only a small portion is identified
• Done by computer – remember that not all amino acids are encoded by a single
codon wobble position
• Degenerate – mixture of similar, but not identical sequences
• Probe library with the oligonucleotides and obtain genomic clones of the gene –
human genomic DNA library
Genomic Library
Each on contains a vector, but each vector may
have a different sequence – now we want to find
the sequence that matches the probe we have
Colony Hybridization
• Making an imprint on velvet and
then putting them on a new plate
• We can bust a cell and the DNA will
be stuck to the membrane wherever
the colony was • Take the membrane, expose it to a probe, and put a film on it
• We are looking for the colonies on the autoradiogram – wherever it lights up is
where the colony is
Positional Cloning of Hemophilia A
Found it was a complicated gene: 186 kb long
contains 26 exons
Hemophilia A Cloning
To confirm that they had the correct gene, the
gene was sequenced from patients having
hemophilia A.
In each case mutations were identified:
• Base substitutions
• Splice mutations
• Small deletions
• Large deletions
Cystic Fibrosis
• Recessive autosomal gene – frequency of unaffected carriers in the population is
much greater
• 1/2500 children are born with it of European descent
• Many different symptoms
o Viscous secretion in lungs, pancreas, sweat glands, saltytasting skin,
appetite but poor growth, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, lung
infections
• Most patients die before the age of 30
Researchers had no idea what the function of the gene was 100’s of genes are required
for secretion and most were unknown in the 1980s
Positional Cloning of Cystic Fibrosis
• It was cloned with mapping information
• Built a linkage map to a known sequence
• Used chromosome walking and chromosome jumping to get the CF gene (narrow
down where the locus is)
Linkage Maps constructed from two or three point crosses with overlapping sets of loci
and you can depict the distances between loci as well as the order in which they occur on
a chromosome
Use of SNPs and other polymorphic DNA markers can help map loci in a single cross or
extended human family
If a genetic linkage can be found between a disease trait and one or more previously
mapped DNA markers, then the gene responsible for the trait must lie in the same sub
chromosomal region as those DNA markers. Because the human genome is sequenced, you know the chromosomal positions of all
DNA markers. You don’t know the position of the disease locus.
Mapping to a Close Known Sequence
This shows four markers – M1, M2, M3, M4 – used in
the linkage analysis of a disease phenotype. These
provide “linkage coverage” of a portion of the
chromosome. This suggests the gene responsible for the
disease lies between those markers
You could type additional markers that lie between M1
and M2 to position the disease locus with higher
resolution. They narrowed it down to a stretch but the
stretch was still very big.
There is a stretch of DNA with genes one is a gene of
interest and we want to know how close the marker is
to the gene and how often the marker is inherited with
the gene
Looking for candidate genes. Analysis of the region
between recombination sites that define the smallest
area within which the disease locus can lie should
reveal the presence of candidate genes.
Finding the correct candi
More
Less