Classical Studies 2800A/B Lecture Notes - Demagogue, Dyslexia, Pediatrics
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QUESTION 1
A 5-year-old observes his father yelling at his older brother after he dropped and broke his dinner plate while removing it from the table. Thereafter, due to __________, the 5-year-old is very cautious when removing his own plate.
a. | vicarious conditioning | |
b. | classical conditioning | |
c. | generalization | |
d. | extinction |
QUESTION 2
A child has learned to avoid his father in the morning because his father is always grouchy at that time. Generally, being able to learn what stimuli predict pleasure or pain is consistent with Pavlov's belief that
a. | some types of learning are more important than others. | |
b. | conditioning is how we adapt to our environments. | |
c. | conditioning is how we modify our environments. | |
d. | behavior is modified by others. |
QUESTION 3
A sudden puff of air in his left eye caused Bill to blink. In terms of classical conditioning, the air puff was a ______________ and the blink was a ______________.
a. | CR; CS | |
b. | CS; CR | |
c. | US; UR | |
d. | UR; US |
QUESTION 4
After a large balloon burst loudly and suddenly at her birthday party, Cindy showed a fear of balloons. In terms of the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, the balloon is the __________ and her fear is the __________.
a. | CS; US | |
b. | US; UR | |
c. | CS; CR | |
d. | CR; CS |
QUESTION 5
After getting a bad sunburn, before heading out for a day at the beach, Stanley slathers on sunscreen to avoid getting sunburned. In this case, Stanley's habit of using sunscreen has likely been acquired by way of
a. | negative reinforcement. | |
b. | positive reinforcement. | |
c. | punishment. | |
d. | vicarious conditioning. |
1 points
QUESTION 6
After she gets a speeding ticket, Susan's parents take her driver's license away for a month. This is an example of
a. | negative punishment. | |
b. | modeling. | |
c. | negative reinforcement. | |
d. | extinction. |
QUESTION 7
After struggling with a complex math problem, Stacey takes a short break. While making herself a cup of tea, she suddenly comes up with a solution. "Aha!" moments such as this are a form of __________ learning that occurs in the apparent absence of reinforcement.
a. | insight | |
b. | non-associative | |
c. | associative | |
d. | observational |
QUESTION 8
Alphonse watches the way his brother shovels the driveway in order to clear a spot for their grandmotherâs car. Alphonse then goes outside, takes another shovel, and starts shoveling the snow off of the walkway from the driveway to the front door. Alphonse uses the same technique as his brother. This demonstrates learning through
a. | modeling. | |
b. | classical conditioning. | |
c. | vicarious reinforcement. | |
d. | shaping. |
QUESTION 9
Dave observed that after returning from the vet, whenever he took his dog, Smooches, near his car, she began to shake and whine. Which of the following types of learned response was Smooches exhibiting?
a. | vicarious conditioning | |
b. | operant conditioning | |
c. | long-term potentiation | |
d. | classical conditioning |
QUESTION 10
David is taking a class about learning and motivation and he has to work in the laboratory two times a week teaching a rat to press a bar. The cage that he uses allows David to control the reinforcement and punishment that the rat receives. The name for this device used for investigating learning in animals is called a
a. | Pavlov terrarium. | |
b. | Thorndike aquarium. | |
c. | Watson chamber. | |
d. | Skinner box. |
QUESTION 26
Age 65 has come to be considered the onset of old age in the U.S. because:
a. | This is when most older adults find their abilities diminishing | |
b. | At age 65, physical appearance makes it evident that a person is old | |
c. | This is the age identified in Social Security and Medicare at the time these were enacted | |
d. | This is the age at which life expectancy diminishes most rapidly |
1 points
QUESTION 27
The concept of "dependency ratios" has been criticized because:
Individual differences in needs as well as differences in aging and activity choices make it difficult to ascertain which generation depends on which other generations. | ||
Very few older adults ever rely on younger individuals for support and assistance | ||
The most dependent generation may well be young adults | ||
It is common knowledge that older adults are dependent on younger individuals |
1 points
QUESTION 28
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the purpose of theory in understanding aging?
a. | Theories attempt to explai what we observe in empirical research or practice | |
b. | A goal is to consolidate practice around a simple set of principles | |
c. | Theories resolve disputes about the nature of reality and definitions of aging | |
d. | The most important purpose is to reduce apparently complex phenomena to a few basic factors |
1 points
QUESTION 29
Explanations that focus on the situations and problems that accumulate during the life span and cannot be understood separate from developmental experiences are considered to reflect:
a. | The aged | |
b. | Aging | |
c. | Age | |
d. | The meaning of life |
1 points
QUESTION 30
Early theories of aging, described later life as a:
a. | Problem | |
b. | normal, welcomed stage of life | |
c. | rare and unique process | |
d. | Too idiosyncratic for generalized description |
1 points
QUESTION 31
Theories that explain aging as resulting from the accumulation of "insults" from the environment, which eventually reach a level incompatible with life are labeled:
a. | Sociocultural theories | |
b. | Selective optimization with compensation | |
c. | Model of Human Occupation | |
d. | Stochastic theories |
1 points
QUESTION 32
Psychological theories of aging seek to explain
a. | Reasons for the emergence of mental disorders in late life | |
b. | Why older individuals are likely to be pessimistic | |
c. | Relationships among older and younger individuals | |
d. | The multiple changes in individual behavior in late life |
1 points
QUESTION 33
It is now believed that neurological theories of aging that focus on decline in neurological functioning may be:
a. | Too optimistic | |
b. | Lacking in clarity | |
c. | Too pessimistic | |
d. | Too limited |
1 points
QUESTION 34
In the theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation, "optimization" refers to the idea that:
a. | People engage in behaviors that augment or enrich their general reserves and maximize their chosen life courses | |
b. | People make efforts in middle age to accumulate needed resources to ensure successful aging | |
c. | Changing biological and psychological factors that enhance the abilities of older adults in memory and problem solving | |
d. | Political initiatives that reduce stigma associated with later life |
1 points
QUESTION 35
Mrs. Adams, an 87 year-old widow, has begun to distance herself from some of her extended family members. At the same time, she spends increasing time with her adult children, grandchildren, and some of her close neighbors. This would be an example of:
a. | The Model of Human Occupation | |
b. | Evolutionary Theory | |
c. | Cognition and Aging theories | |
d. | Socioemotional Selectivity Theory |
1 points
QUESTION 36
A theory of particular relevance to occupational and physical therapy is:
a. | Theory of Free Radicals | |
b. | Systems theory of motor control | |
c. | Stochastic theories | |
d. |
1 points
QUESTION 37
Theory is important to therapeutic decisions as a way to:
a. | Reduce the therapist's need to address individual differences | |
b. | Guide decisions about evaluation and intervention | |
c. | Minimize the idea of complexity in understanding older adults | |
d. | Clearly identify the specific evaluation instruments to be used |