Foods and Nutrition 1021 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Dietary Fiber, Glycosuria
11 Jun 2018
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Chapter 4 Part 2
Sugar and Disease
• Sugar added to foods high in fats may trigger overconsumption
• High sugar foods often have extra empty calories
• No firm evidence between obesity, sugar & human brain chemistry
• Sugar alone is not culpable in causing Type 2 DM
• If high energy intake from added sugars causes gains of excess body fat, the sugar elevates risk for
Type 2 DM
• A diet high in whole-grain foods and dietary fiber could predict a reduced risk of Type 2 DM
• Average intake of sugar does not adversely affect heart health in healthy persons
• High saturated fat produced in response to dietary sugar is the major culprit in HD solubility
• High sugar diet increases triglyceride levels
• Research results do not suggest that sugar itself negatively affects behaviour; however, simple sugar
may burst of energy at any age
• Sugar is an energy source for bacteria that cause tooth decay (dental calories)
• Affected by: length of time in mouth, how sticky, how often, whether you brush your teeth right
after
• Population groups whose diets provide no more than 10% of calories from sugar have a lower
prevalence of dental calories
Diabetes Mellitus
Chronic disease where an individual cannot regulate their blood glucose in a normal way
Characteristics:
• Elevated blood glucose concentration
• Inadequate or ineffictive insulin
Canadian Statistics:
• Cases: 1.4M (2000) to 2.4M (2016)
• Projected health care cost from $4.7B to $48.1B
Warning Signs:
• Abnormally high glucose in the blood
• Unexplained weight loss (type 1)
• Excessive urination (polyuria)
• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
• Hunger/eating (polyphagia)
• Glucose in the urine (glucosuria)
• Nausea, easy tiring, weakness, irritability
• Vision disturbances
• Pain in legs, feet, or fingers
• Slow healing of cuts & bruises
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Type 1:
• 10% of cases
• Children & adolescents affected
• The immune system attacks pancreatic cells
• Pancreas makes too little to no insulin
• Blood glucose remain elevated; body cells starving for glucose
• Insulin injections necessary
• New devices/methods: insulin nasal spray, surgery transplant insulin-producing cells; vaccine
• Need to balance blood insulin & glucose concentrations
Type 2
• 90% of cases
• pancreas makes plenty of insulin
• Body cells resist insulin's actions
• Blood glucose and blood insulin rise
• Adults mostly affected
• High risk for CVD
• Risk factors: obesity, genetics (African, Hispanic, native American, Asian, Pacific island decent)
• Prediabetes: impaired glucose tolerance
• Prevention: maintain healthy body weight, choose diet high in F&V, fish, poultry & whole grains,
exercise regularly, restrict alcohol, abstain from smoking
• Get CHO from healthies sources possible
• Low saturated fat
• Focus on unsaturated fatty acids
• Adequate protein, but not too high
• Controlled and balanced total CHO
• Regular physical activity
• Medication
• Uncontrolled DM may lead to:
o Blindness
o Limb and foot issues (amputation)
o Complications in pregnancy
o Heart disease, kidney disease, premature death
Hypoglycemia
• Two types:
1) Reactive hypoglycemia:
o Low blood glucose after meal
o Body secretes too much insulin
2) Fasting hypoglycemia:
o Long time between food intake
o Cancer
o Pancreatic damage
o Uncontrolled diabetes
o Infection of the liver with hepatitis, advanced alcohol-induces liver disease
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Sugar added to foods high in fats may trigger overconsumption. Sugar and disease: high sugar foods often have extra empty calories, no firm evidence between obesity, sugar & human brain chemistry. Sugar alone is not culpable in causing type 2 dm. If high energy intake from added sugars causes gains of excess body fat, the sugar elevates risk for. Sugar is an energy source for bacteria that cause tooth decay (dental calories) after: population groups whose diets provide no more than 10% of calories from sugar have a lower prevalence of dental calories. Chronic disease where an individual cannot regulate their blood glucose in a normal way. Canadian statistics: cases: 1. 4m (2000) to 2. 4m (2016, projected health care cost from . 7b to . 1b. Hypoglycemia: two types, reactive hypoglycemia, low blood glucose after meal, body secretes too much insulin, fasting hypoglycemia, long time between food intake, cancer, pancreatic damage, uncontrolled diabetes. Infection of the liver with hepatitis, advanced alcohol-induces liver disease.
