Foods and Nutrition 1021 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Canadian Cancer Society, Coronary Artery Disease, Folate Deficiency
11 Jun 2018
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Chapter 11 notes
• Infectious diseases
o Caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites;
o Can be transmitted from one person to another through air, water, or food; by contact;
or through vectors (mosquitoes, fleas)
• Degenerative diseases
o Chronic, irreversible diseases
o Characterized by degeneration of body organs due to poor lifestyle choices (poor food
choices, smoking, alcohol use, & lack of PA); lifestyle diseases, chronic diseases, or
diseases of old age
Leading Causes of Death in Canada
• CVD (heart disease, stroke) & cancer – leading causes of death (2009); diet as a risk factor
• Degenerative diseases – due to genetic predisposition & personal medical history (both
uncontrollable) & lifestyle choices (controllable)
• Other causes of death – chronic respiratory diseases, accidents
Lifestyle Choices and Risks of Degenerative Disease
• The exact contribution diet makes to each disease is hard to estimate
o Many experts believe that diet accounts for about a third of all cases of coronary
heart disease
o The links between diet and cancer incidence are harder to pin down
▪ Caer’s differet fors assoiate ith differet dietary fators
▪ Up to 35% of all cancers can be prevented by eating well, staying active and
maintaining a healthy body weight (Canadian Cancer Society)
Nutrition and Immunity
• Immunonutrition – influence of nutrients on the functioning of the immune system, esp. in
medical nutrition therapies
• Deficiency or toxicity of a single nutrient -a seriously eake a perso’s iue
defenses, e.g., vit A deficiency
• Deficiencies known to impair immunity – protein, energy, vit A, D, E, C, B-vitamins, folate,
copper, Mg, Se, Fe, Zn
• Toxicities known to impair immunity – Fe, Zn
• Deficient intakes of many vitamins and minerals associated with impaired disease
resistance
• Immune tissues first to be impaired in nutrient deficiency or excess
o Some deficiencies more immediately harmful to immunity than others
• Malnutrition worsens disease, disease worsens malnutrition
• Disease impairs food assimilation; drugs impair nutrition status
• People-at-risk: those who restrict their intakes, very young or old, poor, hospitalized, or
malnourished
• Well-balanced diet – cornerstone in building the best possible immune system defense
•
Effects of Malutritio o the Body’s Iue Respose
• Skin – thinned, with less connective tissue
• Mucous membranes – microvilli flattened
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• GI tract – atrophy of intestinal cells
• Lymph tissues – thymus gland, lymph nodes, & spleen reduced in size; T-cell areas depleted
of lymphocytes
• Phagocytosis – kill time delayed
• Cell-mediated immunity – circulating T-cells reduced
Lifestyle Choices & Risks of Degenerative Diseases
• Risk factors – known to be related to diseases but not proved to be causal; presence of risk
factors often predicts the occurrence of diseases
• Environmental, behavioral, social, & genetic factors tend to occur in clusters & interact
with each other
• High SAFA/Trans intake – risk factor for CA, HBP, type 2 DM, atherosclerosis, obesity,
stroke, diverticulosis
• In many cases, one disease or condition intensifies the risk of another; e.g., diabetes leads
to atherosclerosis & HBP
• Family history & lab test results together = powerful predictors of diseases
Risk Factors for CVD
Non-modifiable risk factors:
• AGE
o Increasing age
o men 45+ y
o Post-menopausal women - risk increases 2-3x
• GENDER
o more cases in males than females;
o differences reduced after menopause;
o more women killed by CVD
• GENETICS
o Family (siblings or parents) history;
o more members or earlier age of onset = greater risk
Modifiable risk factors
• DIET
o Atherogenic diet: high in SAFA, Trans, cholesterol, Na, alcohol
• 2) PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
• 3) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
• 4) SMOKING
o Damages the heart directly with toxins; raises BP; damages platelets (clots likely)
• Metabolic syndrome
o Central obesity (visceral stores)
o High fasting BG or insulin resistance
o Low HDL-C (lack of exercise)
o Hypertension (high blood pressure)
o Elevated blood triglycerides (often high sugar diet)
o Poor waist-hip circumference ratio
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How Atherosclerosis Develops
• Diet high in SAFA – major contributor to the development of plaques & progression of
atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis – most common form of CVD; characterized by plaques along the inner walls of
the arteries esp. at branch points
• Plaques – mounds of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells & Ca that develop in artery
walls; formation of plaques initiates a complex inflammatory response to tissue damage
• Arterial damage – due to high LDL-C, HBP, cigarette toxins, elevated H-cys, viral or bacterial
infections
• Macrophages – WBCs designed to remove oxidized LDL-C become engorged with fat & develop
as foam cells
• Muscle cells in arterial wall – proliferate to heal oxidative damage, but mix with foam cells to
form hardened plaques
• Arteries hardened & narrowed by plaques - cannot expand, so BP rises
• Used to e alled hardeig of the arteries
• Increased pressure damages artery walls further & strains the heart
Effects of Atherosclerosis
• Aneurysm – ballooning out of weakened artery wall; can burst & lead to massive bleeding/death
• Thrombus – stationary blood clot; could shut off blood supply to surrounding tissue
o Coronary thrombosis – closes off a vessel that supplies heart muscle (Heart Attack)
o Cerebral thrombosis – closes off vessel that feeds brain (Stroke)
• Embolus – thrombus that breaks loose & travel through the blood vessels until it reaches an
artery too small to allow its passage
o Embolism – embolus that causes sudden closure of a blood vessel
CVD, HBP & Atherosclerosis
• It matters what people choose to eat instead of saturated fats
o Sugars seem to elevate blood triglycerides and reduce HDL cholesterol
o Instead of sugars, choose unsaturated fats or complex carbohydrates from whole grains
or vegetables
• Fish oils
o Rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
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Document Summary
Effects of mal(cid:374)utritio(cid:374) o(cid:374) the body"s i(cid:373)(cid:373)u(cid:374)e respo(cid:374)se: skin thinned, with less connective tissue, mucous membranes microvilli flattened, gi tract atrophy of intestinal cells. Lymph tissues thymus gland, lymph nodes, & spleen reduced in size; t-cell areas depleted of lymphocytes: phagocytosis kill time delayed, cell-mediated immunity circulating t-cells reduced. In many cases, one disease or condition intensifies the risk of another; e. g. , diabetes leads to atherosclerosis & hbp: family history & lab test results together = powerful predictors of diseases. Increased pressure damages artery walls further & strains the heart. It matters what people choose to eat instead of saturated fats: sugars seem to elevate blood triglycerides and reduce hdl cholesterol. Ideal resting blood pressure is: a reading of 130/80 can be considered borderline normal, above this level the risks of heart attacks and strokes rise in direct proportion to increasing blood pressure.
