Foods and Nutrition 1021 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Fad Diet, Passive Smoking, Gestational Diabetes
11 Jun 2018
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Chapter 13
Life Cycle Nutrition: Mother and Infant
Mother and Infant
** http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RS1ti23SUSw
Stages of life: Pre- pregnancy → Pregnant Woman → Infant → Toddler → School Child → Teenage →
Adult → Elderly
Pregnancy: Impact of Nutrition on the Future
• All people need the same nutrients, but in different amounts as we move through life
• In pregnancy, nutrition of the mother is critical to health of future child throughout life –
ad their hild’s hildre!
• Both parents need to prepare in advance for a healthy pregnancy
• Health of a woman affets fertilit, health of ifat, oa’s health later i life
Pre-Pregnancy Weight
• Nutrient demands of pregnancy are extraordinary; need optimum nourishment for growing
fetus & mother
• Strive for appropriate/healthy BW
o (BMI 18.5 – 24.5)
• Underweight women who fail to gain weight during pregnancy will have a low-birth-weight
(LBW) baby <5 ½ lb, 2500 g
Low Birth Weight Infants
• Low Birth Weight Infants (LBW)
o Indicator of poor nutrition status of mother before &/or during pregnancy;
o Influenced by: food intake, heredity, disease conditions, smoking, alcohol use & drug
abuse
• Two Types
o Premature infants – born early, but right size for gestational age
o SGA babies – small for gestational age; small for date; may/may not be premature
• Both predictor of health problems in infant
o High risks of mortality (40x in 1st y);
o Lower adult IQ,
o Educational disadvantage,
o Short stature,
o High risk for chronic diseases in later life
Overweight and Obese Woman
• Strive for healthy weight before pregnancy (minimize medical risks for would-be mother &
her future child)
• Infant larger, born later (macrosomia)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Infant large, even if born prematurely; so special medical care needs not given or recognized
• 2x risk for NTDs (reasons unknown)
• Risks for gestational diabetes, hypertension, infections after birth
• Surgical Caesarian-section; may require drugs to induce labor
• Greater risk of giving birth to infants with heart defects & other abnormalities
Before Pregnancy (Man)
• Need for a healthy sperm proides half of hild’s iheritae
• Limited evidence of low fertility or genetic material damage due to :
o Too few F & V consumed
o Sedentary lifestyle
o Too uh alohol: a daage sper’s geeti aterial
o Smoking: environmental tobacco smoke (ETS, second-hand smoke) affects fetus
Healthy Placenta and Other Organs
** www.ddm-mdd.org/files/pdf/eng/ddm_methode_higgins.pdf
• Better nutrition = successful pregnancy; better outcome
o Historical examples – WWII; hunger, famine, drought, floods; Guatemala study;
Montreal Dispensary diet study
• Healthy uterus – supports implantation of fertilized ovum & growth of placenta
• Placenta
o active, metabolic organ;
o Supplies nutrients, hormones, and oxygen to the fetus – maintains pregnancy;
o A means for waste removal from the fetus;
o Prepares other’s reast for latatio
• Umbilical cord – pipeline from the placenta to the fetus
• Cord blood – can be used for stem cell research
Critical Periods during Pregnancy
• Critical periods
o Cell division in each body organ & tissue type growth have own characteristic pattern &
timing;
o Nutrients must be supplied on time; e.g., heart & brain (14 wk; early), lungs (24 wk;
later); effects irreversible
o Even one alcohol containing drink during a critical period can seriously impair
development
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Terms describing stages of intrauterine development
• Zygote – the cell formed by the union of sperm & ovum; zygote develops into embryo
(conception to 2 weeks pregnancy)
• Embryo (2 to 8 weeks pregnancy)
• Fetus (8 weeks pregnancy to term)
Stages of Growth
• Zygote – fertilized ovum embeds itself in the uterine wall within two weeks (implantation);
placenta begins to grow
o Malnutrition, smoking, drug abuse may lead to failure to implant, NTDs, loss of zygote
• Embryo (2-8 weeks)
o fetus has complete CNS,
o beating heart,
o fully formed GIT,
o well-defined fingers & toes,
o beginning facial features
• In last 7 months, fetus grows 50x heavier & 20x longer; critical periods of cell division &
development occur in all organs
Nutritional Risk Factors
• Women likely to develop nutrient deficiencies & pregnancy complications include those
who:
o Are young (adolescents)
o Have had many recent previous pregnancies ( 3 or more under 20 y; 4 or more at
20+ y)
o Have short interval between pregnancies (<18 mo)
o Have a history of poor pregnancy outcomes
o Lack nutrition knowledge, have too little money to purchase adequate food, or have
too little family support
o Consume inadequate diet due to food faddism, preferences, weight-loss dieting,
uninformed vegetarianism, or eating disorders
o Smoke cigarettes, use alcohol or illicit drugs
o Are lactose intolerant or suffer chronic health conditions requiring special diets
o Are underweight or overweight at conception
o Are carrying twins or triplets
o Gain insufficient or excessive weight during pregnancy
o Have a low level of education
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Stages of life: pre- pregnancy pregnant woman infant toddler school child teenage . Pregnancy: impact of nutrition on the future: all people need the same nutrients, but in different amounts as we move through life. Pre-pregnancy weight fetus & mother: strive for appropriate/healthy bw (bmi 18. 5 24. 5, underweight women who fail to gain weight during pregnancy will have a low-birth-weight (lbw) baby <5 lb, 2500 g. Indicator of poor nutrition status of mother before &/or during pregnancy; Overweight and obese woman: strive for healthy weight before pregnancy (minimize medical risks for would-be mother & her future child) Before pregnancy (man: need for a healthy sperm (cid:894)pro(cid:448)ides half of (cid:272)hild"s i(cid:374)herita(cid:374)(cid:272)e(cid:895) Limited evidence of low fertility or genetic material damage due to : too few f & v consumed, sedentary lifestyle, too (cid:373)u(cid:272)h al(cid:272)ohol: (cid:373)a(cid:455) da(cid:373)age sper(cid:373)"s ge(cid:374)eti(cid:272) (cid:373)aterial, smoking: environmental tobacco smoke (ets, second-hand smoke) affects fetus.
