History 2201E Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Language Barrier, Beveridge Report, White Paper

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2. From Dieppe to D-ay continued
- D-Day June 6, 1944
o Landed in darkness unlike with Dieppe
o Rough waters and terrible weather
o Bombing in advance; parachutists behind enemy lines
o Juno Beach assault
3rd Canadian division
Under the comman of a british lieutenant general
Did not lead but were still central to the british effort
o 155,000 soldiers involved, 5,000 allied ships, 50,000 vehicles and 11,000 planes
Canada: 14,000 canadian soldires landed on the beach
Another 450 were dropped behind enemy lines
5020 canadians killed at the ed of the day
o A representative regional effort
5 beaches involved in the entire landing
Canada responsible for Juno
- 1.1 million Canadians served in WW1
o 18,000 Casualties (Canadians)
3. Politics and WWII
- Enlistment stats
- Conscription crisis in 1917 deeply divided Canadians
- English Canadians immediately in favour of sending troops
o French canada not so much
- PM King worried about dividing the country
o Promised there would be no conscription, in 1939, during provincial Quebec
elections
- 1940 National Resources Mobilizations Act (NRMA) + zombies
o Designed to conscript for home defense
o Training them in Canada
o Original men were single
o A balancing act
o 60,000 conscripted under the act
o 35% were French Canadians
o Quebec had a 50% less participation rate
Significant enthusiasm with ON volunteers vs Quebec
- Problem: appeared that French canadians were pulling their weight
o And demographically they weren’t
- Conscription in 1917 had a punitive feel to it
o A political statement
- Quebec school system lagged behind the rest of canada
o If you have few skills, you wont advance far
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o Reluctant to volunteer because not as educatd as counterparts
o Unable to rise successfully through the ranks
o Language barrier: only English commanders
- Religiously and politically conservative
o Women might have to leave home if French men left home
o Something frowned upon by Quebec clergy
o Against the general societal norms
- 1942 volunteer effort greatly lacking
o Cant maintain strength of the ally commitment
o Cannot run war effort
- King’s actions holds a national vote on a question of national importance
o Conscription Plebiscite April 27, 1942
Is it okay for the government to break their promise, yes or no
French canada 71% no
Rest of Canada 77% yes
- Enabling legislation that promised “conscription if necessary, but not necessarily
conscription”
o A famous saying in political-Canadian history
- 1944 call for conscription
o Defense minister telling him the need for conscription
Was fired by King and replaced
o Convince the zombies to go abroad
- By November 1944 actually passed legislation to conscript the zombies
o Wasn’t a mass conscription of young men
o Those specific, targeted group of men
o A political compromise
- Conscription in WWII involved 12,908 men: 2463 posted in Europe; 69 killed; 232
wounded
- King successfully kept the country united, not divided as in WWI
o Had good luck
o Delayed or postponed the conscription crisis as long as possible
o Mindful what canada could reasonably commit to
4. WWII and the Rise of the Social Welfare State
Pretty bureaucratic
- King was not a humanitarian
- Want to take care of veterans after the war
- Cabinet Committee on Demobilization and Re-establishment (1939); Committee on
Reconstruction (1941)
- Marsh Report (1943): comprehensive social security system meant to be universal
But is also adjusted to income
o Unemployment assistance
o National healthcare insurance
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