Lecture Notes- Winter.docx

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OC39215

15 Apr 2012

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Disease and the Enlightenment:

Science, Smallpox, and Scurvy November 30

Outline:

 Reason and Evidence: A New Rational and Systemic Approach

o Faith in Science: As Explanation and Method

o The Environment: Arguments of Contagion vs. Miasma

 The Enlightenment Attacks Disease

o Smallpox and Inoculation

o Scurvy and Citrus Fruits

 The Impact of the Enlightenment on Disease

Terms:

 Edward Jenner (1749-1832)

 James Lind (1716-1794)

The Scientific Revolution:

 New systems of understanding the physical world; laid the foundation of

modern science

Reason and Evidence: A New Rational and Systemic Approach

 Reason challenged Religious Faith

 Evidence challenged authority

 Reason and evidence would create a better future

 Science and technology would enhance society‟s control over nature

 Social progress, prosperity and the conquest of disease would follow

Faith in Science

 As Explanation:

 As Method:

 New knowledge through:

 Observation

 Hypothesis

 Experimentation

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The Environment as a Cause of Disease:

 Contagion vs. Miasma

The Enlightenment Attacks Disease

 Smallpox

 Scurvy

 Syphilis

 Rickets

 “Fevers”

 Typhus

 Malaria

 Yellow Fever

 Influenza

Smallpox- The “Speckled Monster”

 Variola

 Caused by: smallpox virus, within a group of orthopox viruses

 Forms:

 Variola Major- death in approximately 30% of its victims

 Variola Minor- death in approximately 1% of its victims

 Variola Intermedius- level of severity between the other two forms

 Transmitted by: airborne droplets; human to human

 Smallpox Inoculation: Variolation- involves inoculation with live smallpox

matter

 Lady Montagu spreading the word about the effectiveness of smallpox

inoculation (“ingrafting”)

Hans Sloane (1660-1753)

Inoculation as an Enlightenment Issue

 Second half of the 18th Century- inoculation because popular again

perhaps due to:

 New method of Inoculation

 Inoculation became less expensive

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Edward Jenner (1749-1832)

 Inoculated Edward Phipps in 1796

Little Cows Erupting Everywhere- An anti-vaccine cartoon by James Gilary,

1802

Vaccination safer than Variolation

Scurvy:

 Symptoms:

 Appetite loss

 Poor weight gain

 Diarrhea

 Rapid breathing

 Fever

 Irritability

 Tenderness of legs

 Swelling over bones

 Bleeding

 Feelings of paralysis

 Bleeding of the gums

 Loosened teeth

 Purple spots on skin

 Bleeding in eye

 hyperkeratosis

 Cause?

 Humoural Theory

 Atmospheric Theory

 Chemical Theory

 Others?

 James Lind (1716-1794)

Impact of the Enlightenment on Disease-What did it mean for fighting

disease?

 Continuities:

 Disease treatment still those therapies of Galen

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